CHAPTER 7(ii)

A Good Leader is a Good Listener

Employees always feel that their voices should be heard. They want to work with leaders who will not just hear them but listen to them. Leaders should become more mindful of the employees as the employees continuously keep seeking attention, feedback and support. Leaders should be good listeners to build efficient and effective teams.

When you empathize with your employees they work harder and aim to achieve beyond expectations. Employees always want leaders who care for them. Leaders should not consider their employees as resources or tools for the success of the organization. Employees should be considered as assets that have unique capabilities that are not necessarily limited to their job functions.

Employees want leaders who care about their wellbeing and whom they can depend on during times of hardship be it personal or professional.

In today’s dynamic workplace scenario, effective leadership plays a pivotal role towards organizational success. Leaders shoulder responsibility for guiding teams through challenges, inspiring innovation, and fostering a collaborative culture. As businesses navigate changing market conditions and shifting priorities, the role of leaders becomes paramount. Embodying leadership qualities assists leaders in steering the team toward excellence and simultaneously contributing to personal development.

A Leader’s effectiveness is determined by the leadership competencies reflected throughout its tenure. And to become competent, a leader should possess the necessary qualities.

The characteristics discussed below will act as a fruitful guide to your leadership journey.

1. Integrity:

Integrity in leadership takes its true form when a leader’s words, values, and actions consistently align. Good leaders stand true to their beliefs and principles regardless of the challenges they face. Essential traits such as honesty, transparency, and ethical conduct must be evident in all professional endeavors. It acts as a foundation upon which trust is built, another significant quality for effective leadership. It motivates leaders to always prioritize collective well-being over personal gain.

Tips:
* Demonstrate the values and behaviors you expect from your team.
* Take accountability and acknowledge your mistakes
* Ensure transparency in your communication by sharing information and reasoning openly.
* Implement policies and processes that reinforce ethical behavior.
* Reward and recognize team members who demonstrate integrity.
* Utilize feedback and engage in self-reflection to continuously refine your integrity.


2. Honesty:

Leadership can be defined in one word, ‘Honesty’. You must be honest with the employees and honest with yourself.

Genuine leadership is characterized by honesty, a fundamental aspect of integrity. It demands leaders to be truthful, straightforward, and transparent in every aspect of their professional conduct. As a good leader, your honesty will earn the trust and commitment of your team. Your words and actions will impact your employees. This, in turn, helps you build credible relationships and foster an environment of openness and responsibility.

Tips :
* Offer accurate and comprehensive information, explaining the rationale behind decisions.
* Encourage open dialogue and listen to different perspectives.
* Provide truthful and constructive feedback.
* Preserve confidentiality and show discretion while handling sensitive information.

3. Fairness:Fair leadership involves consistently treating everyone impartially, regardless of background, position, or personal traits. Fair leaders make decisions based on merit, promoting an environment of equality and objectivity devoid of any bias or favoritism. As an essential quality, fairness helps build trust, cultivate a positive work culture, and motivate team members to perform their best.

Tips :

* Develop clear and transparent policies and processes.
* Maintain standards and expectations throughout the team.
* Attentively listen to various perspectives and consider diverse inputs.
* Address issues and resolve conflicts in a fair and unbiased manner.
* Make sure to reward and recognize team members based on their contributions and not driven by personal preferences.
* Provide equal opportunities for growth and development.

4. Active Listening:

Active listening involves the art of full of understanding, responding, and retaining communicated information. As a vital skill for effective leaders, active listening enables them to grasp better insight into their team’s needs, perspectives, and concerns. This gives scope for making informed decisions and strengthens relationships within the team.

Tips :

* Stop interrupting or formulating your response while the person is speaking.
* Demonstrate empathy and acknowledge the speaker’s thoughts and feelings.
* Restrain from making assumptions or jumping to conclusions.
* Seek feedback and actively listen to diverse perspectives.

5. Empathy:

Enables leaders to Connect with their Team Emotionally and understand their Perspectives. Empathy is a valuable leadership quality that signifies the ability to understand and relate to the feelings of others. It means putting yourself in their shoes, recognizing their emotions, and responding with compassion. Empathetic leaders are insightful, sensitive, and caring about other’s feelings and thinking. Being empathetic does not always mean agreeing with others’ views but appreciating and having a willingness to understand them. Empathetic leaders excel in creating a more supportive and engaged work environment, nurturing deeper connections with their team. Leadership is about empathy. It is about having the ability to relate to and connect with people for the purpose of inspiring and empowering their lives.

Tips :
* Showcase genuine concern for your team members’ well-being and challenges.
* Show a willingness to understand everyone’s unique circumstances and experiences.
* Adapt your communication and management style to cater to the needs of different team members.
* Offer emotional support and encouragement, especially during difficult times.
* Lead with vulnerability, sharing your own experiences and emotions when appropriate.
* Continuously seek feedback to improve your empathetic leadership abilities.

6. Emotional Intelligence:

Emotional intelligence (EQ) in leadership refers to the capability to recognize, understand, manage, and utilize emotions in a reasoned manner.
Leaders with high emotional intelligence exhibit proficiency in all these areas. They demonstrate self-awareness, empathy, emotional control, adeptness in interpersonal interactions, and make calculated decisions without getting carried away. This makes the decision-making process more effective and strengthens relationships within the team.

Tips :
* Reflect on your emotions and behaviors regularly to develop self-awareness.
* Try to understand the emotions and perspectives of others.
* Try managing your emotions while dealing with stressful and challenging situations.
* Promote a supportive culture and encourage team members to develop their emotional intelligence skills.
* Seek feedback to identify areas for improvement in your EQ.
* Lead by setting an example showcasing emotional intelligence and resilience to your team.

7. Visionary:

Visionary leadership is about creating and articulating an inspiring and ambitious vision for the organization. Visionary leaders are far-sighted, driven, and inspired by what a company can become. They embrace risks and perceive unconventional decisions as opportunities for progress rather than roadblocks. Effective leaders have the potential to inspire their team to strive toward a shared goal of turning vision into reality.

Tips :
* Develop a deeper understanding of your organization, industry, covering the market trends.
* Employ strategic foresight to discern long-term opportunities and challenges.
* Formulate a bold yet achievable vision that aligns with your organization’s values and aspirations.
* Clearly communicate the vision, emphasizing how the organization and stakeholders will benefit.
* Inspire and drive your team by linking the vision to their personal goals and objectives.
* Regularly adapt the vision based on the evolving circumstances and feedback.
* Promote a culture of innovation, risk-taking, and continuous improvement.

Leaders should engage themselves with the employees. When employees share opinions or ask for questions, leaders should encourage them to share more. When leaders engage themselves with their employees and follow up with them regularly, then employees feel that the leaders are listening to them.

Express your concern and show your employees that you can feel their frustration. Empathy is a very powerful tool to display listening. Great leaders know how to balance head and heart. Leaders should be approachable for those employees who need attention.

If the leader is judgemental, it means that the leader is not listening so don’t be judgemental. Rather than judging leaders should learn from the employees in the team. Leaders should accept new ideas and methods, for that they must be active listeners and continuous learners.

Leaders should be mindful. They should know to read beyond verbal and nonverbal communication. Leaders who are mindful they are good listeners, and they engage in communication with the employees. Leaders are always observed by the employees. If they appear disconnected, they are perceived as not listening to them.

Leaders should not interrupt. They should establish good two way communication. Good leaders do not interrupt the flow of thoughts of the employees because they know that with interruption comes disengagement. They gain respect from their employees by being a patient listener.

Leaders should focus on what the employees have to say. Team Leader should respect them employees. Leaders will automatically gain respect if they listen to the employees. So all the leaders should listen and become compassionate.

Tips for listening more effectively

Here are a few extra tips to help you listen more effectively:

Manage your time appropriately
When preparing to listen effectively, it is important to ensure you’ve scheduled a time when you can provide the speaker with your undivided attention. It is best to avoid creating too many meetings or cluttering your schedule so that each time you are listening to a speaker, you can do so while focusing clearly on what they are saying.

Be mindful of your perspective. It is natural to approach any subject with a different point of view than the speaker’s. Regardless of the message, be mindful of different perspectives when you’re interpreting the other person’s message. Even if you disagree, recognizing the difference in your point of view and using it to understand the speaker’s message can help you listen more effectively.

Take notes. It’s useful to take notes when listening to a speaker. Jotting down key ideas, questions and any points that may need further clarification will allow you to understand their message more effectively.

Display empathy. Listening to someone with an emphasis on empathy can help prevent any misunderstandings from occurring. The more you work to connect with what others are thinking and feeling, the less likely you are to misunderstand them.

Avoid interruptions. The more interruptions you experience while a person is speaking, the less likely they are to fully communicate what they intended to say. Avoiding interruptions and creating an environment where they can speak without distraction or interruption will make it easier for them to share their message.

Stay curious and open-minded. While you should give the speaker a chance to share their message without interruption, effective listening includes maintaining your curiosity and staying open-minded. The more you can ask questions and think creatively about what the speaker is sharing, the more likely you will be to properly interpret their message.

Leaders today need to understand how to better communicate with their teams. Being slow to speak and listening more plays a huge role in connecting with people.

One way to really connect is to ask questions and truly listen to the answers. If you become a leader who asks for feedback and pays attention to what is being said, then you will earn your connection and your followers will respect the guidance you give.

There is nothing more frustrating to a team than a leader who pretends to listen. When you are meeting with a team or team member, there are some things to remember :

1. Do not answer your phone, answer texts or emails. Taking phone calls during a meeting is rude and gives the message you do not care about what the team member has to say.

2. Make eye contact and lean in. Body language is so important when listening.

3. When the person is finished talking, repeat back what you heard to verify the meaning of their discussion. The best listeners are good because they understand the purpose and meaning of what was said.

4. Do not wait for your turn to talk. Give people the time they need to express themselves. It’s even okay to allow for periods of silence. Do not be afraid of that. It can be very difficult for people to communicate what they are trying to say if they are fearful of being interrupted.

5. Understand the current need of the speaker. This context will help you fully engage as the listener.

6. Do your best to wait to hear the other person’s full story or perspective before you judge what they mean. If you know that you might have an emotional reaction to what another person is saying, take a step back and check your emotions.

Please share your views and suggestions.

CHAPTER – 22

LinkedIn, How & What for ?

LinkedIn is one of the most powerful professional networking platforms, offering numerous benefits for career growth, business development, and learning. Here’s a detailed look at why LinkedIn is so valuable:

1. High-Quality Content

  • LinkedIn is a hub for valuable, industry-specific content. Experts, professionals, and thought leaders regularly share insights, trends, and experiences that help others stay informed.
  • Articles, posts, and LinkedIn newsletters provide deep knowledge across various industries.
  • LinkedIn Learning offers online courses for upskilling in areas like programming, leadership, and business strategies.

2. Job Search and Career Growth

  • LinkedIn serves as a global job marketplace, connecting job seekers with recruiters and companies.
  • The “Easy Apply” feature streamlines applications, making it quicker to apply to jobs.
  • Users can showcase their resumes, skills, and recommendations, making them more discoverable to recruiters.
  • AI-driven job recommendations provide tailored opportunities based on user profiles.

3. Professional Networking

  • LinkedIn enables users to connect with industry leaders, colleagues, and potential mentors.
  • Joining groups and communities allows professionals to engage in meaningful discussions and learn from peers.
  • Networking can lead to partnerships, business opportunities, or job referrals.

4. Supporting and Helping Others

  • Professionals can endorse skills and write recommendations, enhancing credibility.
  • Career advice and mentorship opportunities allow users to give and receive support.
  • LinkedIn’s “Open to Work” and “Hiring” badges help job seekers and recruiters connect more easily.

5. Company Insights and Industry Trends

  • LinkedIn provides real-time insights into company culture, leadership, and employee experiences.
  • Users can follow companies to stay updated on job openings and industry trends.
  • Thought leadership articles from executives and influencers offer strategic business insights.

6. Personal Branding

  • Users can build their personal brand by sharing expertise, achievements, and experiences.
  • Engaging in discussions, posting insights, and sharing professional updates help establish credibility.
  • A well-optimized LinkedIn profile can lead to speaking opportunities, collaborations, or job offers.

7. Recruiter and Business Benefits

  • Companies use LinkedIn for talent acquisition, branding, and marketing.
  • LinkedIn Ads allow businesses to reach targeted audiences for lead generation and sales.
  • Sales professionals use LinkedIn Sales Navigator for prospecting and relationship building.

Conclusion

LinkedIn is more than just a job-search platform—it’s a dynamic ecosystem where professionals grow, learn, and support one another. Its combination of valuable content, networking opportunities, and career support makes it an indispensable tool for anyone looking to advance in their profession.

Do you use LinkedIn mainly for networking, job searching, or learning? Answer yourself.

CHAPTER – 21


CAT, GMAT, GRE & GATE Preparation Plan : Small daily improvements create massive success over time.

(A) CAT PREPARATION PLAN

Preparing for the CAT (Common Admission Test) is a long-term, disciplined journey. A “good college” (IIMs, FMS, XLRI, SPJIMR, MDI, etc.) demands not just hard work but smart, structured preparation.


Below is a complete daily self-study plan, plus strategy for the full year.


1. Understand the CAT Exam Pattern
CAT has 3 sections:
– VARC – Verbal Ability & Reading Comprehension
– DILR – Data Interpretation & Logical Reasoning
– QA – Quantitative Aptitude
Duration: 2 hours
Each section: 40 minutes
Questions: 66 approx


2. Overall Preparation Phases

Phase 1: Foundation (Months 1–3)
Build basics of Maths, English, Logic
Focus on concepts, not speed

Phase 2: Practice (Months 4–7)
Section-wise tests
Improve accuracy and speed

Phase 3: Test & Improve (Months 8–10)
Full-length mock tests
Analysis + weak area repair


3. Ideal Daily Self-Study Schedule (6–8 Hours)
You can adjust timing, but keep the structure.
Morning Session (2.5 Hours) – Fresh Mind
1. Reading + VARC (1 Hour)
Read 2–3 articles daily:
Editorials (The Hindu, Indian Express)
Business, psychology, philosophy, science
After reading:
Write summary in 5–6 lines
Note 5 new words and meanings
Practice:
1 RC passage (timed: 10–12 min)
5 VA questions (para jumbles, sentence correction)
2. Quantitative Aptitude – Concepts (1.5 Hours)
Rotate topics:
Arithmetic: Percentage, Profit-Loss, SI-CI, Ratio, Time & Work
Algebra: Linear, Quadratic, Inequality
Geometry: Triangles, Circles, Mensuration
Number System
Daily:
Learn concept (30 min)
Solve 20–25 questions (1 hour)
Mark mistakes in a “mistake notebook”
Afternoon Session (2 Hours)
3. DILR Practice (1 Hour)
Solve 2 sets daily:
Tables, graphs, case lets
Puzzles, seating, games, routes
Method:
Spend max 20 min per set
If stuck, learn the solution method
4. Revision + Error Analysis (1 Hour)
Revise:
Yesterday’s QA formulas
New words from VARC
Analyze:
Why wrong?
Concept gap or calculation mistake?
Evening Session (2 Hours)
5. Mixed Practice (1 Hour)
15 QA questions
1 RC passage
1 DILR set
Simulate exam pressure:
Timed practice
6. Mock / Section Test / Strategy (1 Hour)
On different days:
Mon–Wed–Fri: Section test (VARC/DILR/QA)
Sat: Full mock test
Sun: Mock analysis only


4. Weekly Structure
Day.                             Focus
Mon–Fri.                     Daily routine
Saturday.                    Full Mock Test
Sunday.       Deep analysis + weak area repair


5. Monthly Targets :

Month 1–3: Basics
Finish all concepts once
No pressure on speed
Accuracy > 70%

Month 4–6: Practice
Daily timed practice
1 mock every 10 days

Month 7–9: Testing
1 mock every week
Focus on percentile improvement

Last 2 Months:
2 mocks per week
Strategy finalization
No new topics


6. Important Habits for CAT
Read daily – makes VARC strong automatically
Maintain:
– Formula notebook
– Mistake notebook
– Vocabulary diary
– Sleep well (6–7 hours)
– No social media while studying
– Small breaks after every 60–90 minutes


7. Example Daily Timetable
Time.                          Work
6:00 – 7:00.    Reading + Vocabulary + RC
7:00 – 8:30.    QA Concept + Practice
9:00 – 10:00.  DILR Sets
10:00 – 11:00. Revision + Error Analysis
4:00 – 5:00.    Mixed Timed Practice
7:00 – 8:00.    Section Test / Mock / Analysis


8. Final Advice
CAT is not about studying more—it’s about:
– Consistency
– Analysis
– Smart selection of questions in exam
If you follow this daily plan seriously for 8–10 months, you will be ready for a top MBA college.

( B ) A Complete Preparation Program for GMAT. How To Score at the Top and Enter the World’s Best Universities.

1. First, Believe This Truth
GMAT is not a test of intelligence.
It is a test of:
– Discipline
– Strategy
– Emotional control
– Consistency
Thousands of average students score 700+ every year.

2. Set Your Dream Target
Top universities usually want:
* 700+ GMAT = Very strong
* 730+ = Elite
* 750+ = World-class
Write this clearly:
* My Target GMAT Score: _______
* My Exam Date: _______
* Put this on your wall.


3. The 6–9 Month Success Program :-

Phase 1: Foundation (Month 1–2)
Goal: Strong basics, zero fear
Focus:
– Quantitative basics: arithmetic, algebra, geometry, word problems
– Verbal basics: grammar rules, sentence correction, reading
– Learn how GMAT questions are designed
Daily:
– Learn concepts slowly
– Accuracy more important than speed
Build confidence
Mindset:
“I am building roots, not rushing to fruits.”

Phase 2: Strength & Speed (Month 3–5)
Goal: Turn knowledge into power
Focus:
– Timed practice
– Data Sufficiency mastery
– Critical Reasoning skills
– Reading Comprehension depth
Daily:
– Practice mixed questions
– Time-bound sets
– Analyze every mistake deeply
Mindset:
“Every mistake is a teacher, not an enemy.”

Phase 3: Test Warrior Mode (Month 6–7)
Goal: Dominate the exam pattern
Focus:
– Full-length mocks weekly
– Section strategy
– Time management
– Stress control
– Weekly:
– 1–2 full mocks
– Deep analysis after each test
Mindset:
“I train harder than the exam will ever test me.”

Phase 4: Final Sharpening (Last 4–6 Weeks)
Goal: Peak performance
Focus:
– Only revision
– No new topics
– Fine-tune strategy
Mindset:
“I am not preparing. I am ready.”


4. Daily Power Routine (5–7 Hours)

Morning: Brain Sharp (2 Hours)
– Quantitative concept + 20 questions
– Focus on accuracy

Midday: Verbal Mastery (1.5 Hours)
– Sentence Correction rules
– 1 RC passage
– 10 CR questions
– Evening: Mixed Practice (1.5 Hours)
– Timed set of Quant + Verbal

Night: Analysis & Mindset (1–2 Hours)
– Analyze mistakes
– Write lessons learned
– 10 minutes visualization of success

5. Weekly Discipline
* Monday–Friday: Daily routine
* Saturday: Full mock test
* Sunday: Only analysis + weak area repair

6. The Golden Rules of High Scorers
* Consistency beats talent
* Analysis is more important than practice
* Weak areas give the biggest score jump
* Calm mind = sharp brain
* Health is part of preparation
* Sleep well. Eat clean. Walk daily.

7. Mental Training
Daily affirmations:
– I am disciplined.
– I am improving daily.
– I handle pressure calmly.
– I deserve top universities.
Visualization: Every night, see yourself:
– Clicking “End Test”
– Seeing a 730+ score
– Reading admission letters

8. On Tough Days, Remember
– You are not studying for an exam.
– You are building a future.
When tired, say:
“This effort is temporary. My success is permanent.”

9. Final Promise
If you:
– Follow this program honestly
– Respect your daily routine
– Learn from every mistake
Then one day you will say:
“GMAT did not defeat me. It revealed my strength.”

( C ). What is GRE? GRE stands for Graduate Record Examination.
It is an international entrance exam required for admission to:
– Master’s programs (MS, MA, MBA in some countries)
– PhD programs
Universities mainly in USA, Canada, Europe, and some Asian countries


GRE Tests Three Skills:
– Verbal Reasoning
– Vocabulary
– Reading comprehension
– Text completion
– Sentence equivalence
– Quantitative Reasoning
– Arithmetic, Algebra, Geometry, Data Analysis
– Analytical Writing
– Issue essay
– Argument essay

Score Range:
Verbal: 130–170
Quant: 130–170
Writing: 0–6


How to Prepare for Success in GRE
Success in GRE needs:
– Daily study
– Smart planning
– Strong mindset
– Regular testing
– Day-to-Day Study Plan (4–6 Hours Daily)
– Morning – Strong Start (2 Hours)
– Quant Practice (1 Hour)
– Learn one topic
– Solve 20–25 questions
– Note mistakes
– Vocabulary (1 Hour)
– Learn 15–20 new words
– Make sentences
-Revise old words
Every morning I build my future.”

Afternoon – Verbal Power (1.5 Hours)
– Reading Comprehension
– 1–2 passages
– Find main idea, tone, inference
– Text Completion & Sentence Equivalence
10–15 questions
I understand what others miss.”

Evening – Test Mode (1–1.5 Hours)
Timed mini test:
– 10 Quant
– 10 Verbal
– Follow GRE timing
I train like it’s exam day.”

Night – Review & Growth (30–45 Min)
– Analyze mistakes
– Revise formulas
– Revise vocabulary
– Write what you learned today
Today I am better than yesterday.”

Weekly Plan
Monday–Friday: Daily routine
Saturday: Full-length mock test
Sunday: Only analysis + weak area repair

Monthly Targets
Month 1: Learn all basics
Month 2: Improve accuracy
Month 3: Timed practice
Month 4: First full mocks
Month 5: Regular mocks

Last month: Only revision
Habits of Successful GRE Students
Read daily (articles, essays, science)

Keep:
* Vocabulary diary
* Formula notebook
* Mistake notebook
* Sleep well
* Exercise lightly
* Avoid distractions

GRE is not difficult.
It only respects discipline.
If you study daily, even slowly, you will succeed.
Say daily:
I am disciplined.
I am improving.
I am ready for success.

( D ) GATE Preparation Plan (General for all Engineering Streams)

(ECE, ME, CSE, EE, CE, IN, CH, etc.)

A) 12-MONTH STUDY PLAN

Phase 1 — Foundation Building (Months 1–4)

Goal: Learn concepts deeply. No shortcuts.

1. Finish 2–3 subjects per month.

2. Start with core high-weightage subjects of your branch.

3. Use standard textbooks + one coaching material (Made Easy/Ace).

4. After finishing each chapter:

– Read theory

– Make short notes

– Solve all examples

– Attempt basic level questions

Daily schedule (ideal):

– 3 hrs concepts

– 2 hrs practice

– 1 hr revision

– 1 hr formula notebook updating

End of Month-4 Goal:
* 6–7 subjects completed
* A formula book ready
* Basic problem-solving confidence

Phase 2 — Strengthening concepts + Practice (Months 5–8)

Goal: Increase accuracy & speed.

1. Solve chapter-wise practice sets.

2. Start solving previous 15 years GATE papers (very important).

3. Begin online test series (topic-wise tests first).

4. Improve weak subjects gradually.

Weekly routine:

* 5 days: study + practice

* 1 day: test series

* 1 day: error analysis & revision

End of Month-8 Goal:
* All subjects completed once
* Previous years solved
* Test series started
* Weak & strong subjects clearly identified

Phase 3 — Test Series + High-intensity Revision (Months 9–12)

Goal: Maximize marks through smart exam strategy.

1. Take full-length mock tests twice a week.

2. After each test, do an error analysis:

Why wrong?

– Concept missing?

– Calculation mistake?

– Time mismanagement?

3. Revise formula notes daily.

4. Attempt GATE level mixed subject mocks.

5. Reduce negative marking by focusing on accuracy.

Final Month:

– Daily revision of formulas

– Final 10 mock tests

– Improve speed in aptitude & maths

– Fine-tune 3-hour exam strategy

B) 6-MONTH GATE PREPARATION PLAN

(For students with basic background or partial preparation)

Phase 1 — 2 Months

Finish high-weightage subjects first.

Solve PYQs of these subjects.

Start the test series (topic-wise) immediately.

Phase 2 — 2 Months

Complete remaining subjects quickly.

Begin full-length mock tests (once a week).

Phase 3 — 2 Months

– Intensive revision + mock tests

– Solve all PYQs (10–15 yrs)

– Strengthen aptitude & engineering maths

– Eliminate silly mistakes

Goal: Strong fundamentals + speed + accuracy.

C) 3-MONTH CRASH PLAN

(Only if the basics are already strong)

Month 1

– Finish important subjects

– Solve previous years’ papers

– Start topic-wise tests

Month 2

– Revise + solve 2 full-length mocks/week

– Focus on high-yield areas

– Improve accuracy

Month 3

– Give 10+ final mocks

– Memorize formulas perfectly

– Focus on exam strategy

What Every GATE Topper Follows (Common Rules)

1. Formula Notebook

Write all formulas in one place. Revise daily for 20 minutes.

2. Previous Year Papers are GOLD

In GATE, 40–60% questions repeat concepts.
Solve at least last 10–15 years.

3. Mock Tests = Success Engine

Take at least :

* 30–40 topic wise tests

* 15–20 full-length mocks

4. Revision Strategy

* 40% time studying

* 60% time revising + practicing

5. Remove Weakness Early

Identify weak areas in the first 3 months, not in the last month.

Subject-Wise Importance (for all branches)

– Engineering Maths (15%)

– Linear Algebra

– Calculus

– Differential Equations

– Probability & Statistics

– General Aptitude (15%)

– Reasoning

– Verbal Ability

– Data interpretation

– Speed & accuracy focused

– Branch Core subjects (70%)

Choose according to your stream — focus highest weightage ones.

Daily Routine (Ideal for Serious Aspirants)

If studying full-time (6–8 hrs/day)

– 3 hrs subject theory

– 2 hrs numerical practice

– 1 hr previous year questions

– 1 hr revision

– 1 hr test series (alternate days)

If doing college/job (3–4 hrs/day)

* 1.5 hrs theory

* 1 hr practice

* 30 mins PYQs

* Weekend full-length tests


Tools & Resources

Best Books (branch-wise)

ECE/ME/CSE/EE/CE

Best Online Test Series

– Made Easy

– Ace Academy

– GateForum

– Unacademy (mocks only)

Best YouTube Channels

– Neso Academy

– Gate Academy

– Knowledge Gate

– Gate Smashers / Easy Engineering (CSE)

CHAPTER 20


Ego Management as a Core Subject of Organizational Behavior and Leadership

In Organizations of present, Technical Knowledge, Professional Skills, and Strategic Thinking alone are no longer sufficient to ensure success. Increasingly, Organizations are realizing that Human Behavior, Emotional Maturity, and Interpersonal Dynamics play a decisive role in determining individual and Organizational Performance.


Ego Management has emerged as a crucial concept within Organizational Behavior (OB) and Leadership Studies, making it a core area of focus in MBA programs worldwide. Whether it is managing conflicts, leading teams, handling power, or making unbiased decisions, ego plays a silent but influential role. Understanding how ego operates and learning how to manage it—both in oneself and in others—is fundamental to becoming an effective manager and leader.


In organizational contexts, ego is commonly understood as an individual’s sense of self-importance, self-image, pride, and need for recognition. Ego itself is not inherently negative. A healthy ego contributes to:
– Self-confidence
– Assertiveness
– Ambition
– Leadership presence
However, an unmanaged or inflated ego can lead to:
– Arrogance
– Resistance to feedback
– Conflict escalation
– Poor decision-making
– Leadership failure
Thus, the goal is not to eliminate ego but to manage it effectively.


Ego Management in Organizational Behavior


Organizational Behavior as a Discipline
Organizational Behavior is the systematic study of individual, group, and organizational dynamics in workplace settings. It draws heavily from psychology, sociology, anthropology, and management science.
Ego management fits naturally within OB because ego directly influences:
– Individual behavior
– Interpersonal relationships
– Group functioning
– Organizational culture


Key OB Topics Where Ego Management Is Central


1. Personality and Self-Concept
Personality traits such as dominance, narcissism, openness, and emotional stability are closely linked to ego strength. OB studies how self-concept, self-esteem, and self-awareness shape workplace behavior.


2. Perception and Attribution
Ego affects how individuals perceive situations and attribute success or failure. Ego-driven perception often results in:
– Self-serving bias
– Blame shifting
– Overconfidence


3. Motivation
While ego can motivate individuals to achieve, excessive ego can convert healthy ambition into unhealthy competition and insecurity.


4. Attitudes and Job Satisfaction
Unfulfilled ego needs—such as lack of recognition or perceived disrespect—often lead to dissatisfaction, disengagement, and attrition.


5. Interpersonal Conflict
Many workplace conflicts are not task-related but ego-related. Hurt pride, threatened status, and power struggles frequently escalate disagreements.


Ego Management and Leadership
Leadership is fundamentally about influencing people, and ego directly affects how leaders influence others.


Why Ego Management Is Central to Leadership
A leader’s ego shapes:
– Decision-making
– Communication style
– Delegation
– Handling of power
– Response to criticism
Leaders with unmanaged egos often:
– Micromanage
– Take credit for others’ work
– Suppress dissent
– Resist change
– Create toxic cultures
In contrast, ego-managed leaders:
– Empower teams
– Encourage innovation
– Accept feedback
– Build trust
– Foster psychological safety
– Leadership Styles and Ego


1. Autocratic Leadership
Often ego-driven, focusing on authority and control. While effective in crises, excessive ego leads to fear-based cultures.


2. Democratic Leadership
Requires ego restraint, as leaders must accept diverse opinions and shared decision-making.


3. Transformational Leadership
Strongly associated with ego management. Transformational leaders place organizational goals above personal ego.


4. Servant Leadership
The highest form of ego management. Leaders consciously put followers’ growth and well-being first.


Ego, Power, and Politics in Organizations
Power naturally feeds ego. Organizational Behavior studies how:
– Positional power
– Expert power
– Referent power
can inflate ego if unchecked.


Political behavior often emerges from ego-driven needs such as:
– Desire for control
– Fear of losing relevance
– Need for dominance
Effective leaders learn to use power responsibly, maintaining humility while exercising authority.


Emotional Intelligence and Ego Management
One of the most important frameworks connecting ego management with leadership is Emotional Intelligence (EI), which includes:
– Self-awareness
– Self-regulation
– Motivation
– Empathy
– Social skills
– Self-Awareness
Recognizing one’s ego triggers, insecurities, and biases.


Self-Regulation
Controlling emotional reactions driven by ego, such as anger or defensiveness.


Empathy
Understanding others’ perspectives reduces ego clashes.


MBA programs emphasize EI because leaders with high emotional intelligence manage ego far more effectively.


Ego Management in Teams
Teams are especially vulnerable to ego conflicts due to:
– Diverse personalities
– Competition for recognition
– Hierarchical differences
Unmanaged ego in teams leads to:
– Communication breakdown
– Lack of collaboration
– Decision paralysis
– Reduced productivity
Effective managers foster:
– Respect-based cultures
– Shared goals
– Transparent communication
– Recognition systems that reward collective success
– Ego Management in Decision-Making
– Ego-driven decisions are often:
– Overconfident
– Biased
– Risky
– Resistant to data


Leadership failures across industries frequently stem from leaders ignoring warnings due to ego. OB teaches managers to:
– Encourage dissent
– Use evidence-based decision-making
– Separate identity from ideas
– Ego and Organizational Culture


Organizational culture reflects leadership ego. Cultures dominated by ego often display:
– Fear
– Blame
– Silence
– High attrition


Cultures shaped by ego-managed leadership promote:
– Psychological safety
– Learning orientation
– Innovation
– Ethical behavior
Thus, ego management is not just an individual skill but an organizational capability.


Ego Management in Indian Corporate Context
In India, organizational ego dynamics are influenced by:
– Hierarchical traditions
– Respect for authority
– Seniority-based power
– Cultural emphasis on status


MBA programs in India increasingly integrate ego management through:
– Case studies
– Role plays
– Leadership labs
– Ethics and values education
Indian organizations now recognize that humility-driven leadership is essential in a global, collaborative economy.


Teaching Ego Management in MBA Programs
Ego management is taught through:
– Organizational Behavior courses
– Leadership development programs
– Emotional intelligence workshops
– Group projects and simulations
– Case-based learning
Rather than theory alone, emphasis is placed on self-reflection and behavioral change.


Practical Strategies for Ego Management
– Practice self-reflection
– Seek honest feedback
– Separate role from identity
– Acknowledge mistakes
– Listen more than speak
– Share credit generously
– Focus on purpose, not position


Ego management is not a peripheral topic but a core foundation of Organizational Behavior and Leadership studies. It lies at the heart of how individuals behave, how teams function, and how organizations succeed or fail.


In an era where collaboration, adaptability, and ethical leadership are critical, managing ego has become a strategic leadership competency. MBA programs rightly emphasize ego management because organizations do not fail due to lack of intelligence—but due to unmanaged egos.
True leadership begins when ego ends—not by eliminating self-worth, but by transforming it into self-awareness, humility, and service.


In organizational contexts, ego is commonly understood as an individual’s sense of self-importance, self-image, pride, and need for recognition. Ego itself is not inherently negative. A healthy ego contributes to:
– Self-confidence
– Assertiveness
– Ambition
– Leadership presence
However, an unmanaged or inflated ego can lead to:
– Arrogance
– Resistance to feedback
– Conflict escalation
– Poor decision-making
– Leadership failure
Thus, the goal is not to eliminate ego but to manage it effectively.


Organizational Behavior as a Discipline
Organizational Behavior is the systematic study of individual, group, and organizational dynamics in workplace settings. It draws heavily from psychology, sociology, anthropology, and management science.
Ego management fits naturally within OB because ego directly influences:
– Individual behavior
– Interpersonal relationships
– Group functioning
– Organizational culture


Key OB Topics Where Ego Management Is Central


1. Personality and Self-Concept
Personality traits such as dominance, narcissism, openness, and emotional stability are closely linked to ego strength. OB studies how self-concept, self-esteem, and self-awareness shape workplace behavior.


2. Perception and Attribution
Ego affects how individuals perceive situations and attribute success or failure. Ego-driven perception often results in:
– Self-serving bias
– Blame shifting
– Overconfidence


3. Motivation
While ego can motivate individuals to achieve, excessive ego can convert healthy ambition into unhealthy competition and insecurity.


4. Attitudes and Job Satisfaction
Unfulfilled ego needs—such as lack of recognition or perceived disrespect—often lead to dissatisfaction, disengagement, and attrition.


5. Interpersonal Conflict
Many workplace conflicts are not task-related but ego-related. Hurt pride, threatened status, and power struggles frequently escalate disagreements.


Ego Management and Leadership
Leadership is fundamentally about influencing people, and ego directly affects how leaders influence others.


Why Ego Management Is Central to Leadership
A leader’s ego shapes:
– Decision-making
– Communication style
– Delegation
– Handling of power
– Response to criticism
Leaders with unmanaged egos often:
– Micromanage
– Take credit for others’ work
– Suppress dissent
– Resist change
– Create toxic cultures
In contrast, ego-managed leaders:
– Empower teams
– Encourage innovation
– Accept feedback
– Build trust
– Foster psychological safety


Leadership Styles and Ego


1. Autocratic Leadership
Often ego-driven, focusing on authority and control. While effective in crises, excessive ego leads to fear-based cultures.


2. Democratic Leadership
Requires ego restraint, as leaders must accept diverse opinions and shared decision-making.


3. Transformational Leadership
Strongly associated with ego management. Transformational leaders place organizational goals above personal ego.


4. Servant Leadership
The highest form of ego management. Leaders consciously put followers’ growth and well-being first.


Ego, Power, and Politics in Organizations


Power naturally feeds ego. Organizational Behavior studies how:
– Positional power
– Expert power
– Referent power, can inflate ego if unchecked.


Political behavior often emerges from ego-driven needs such as:
– Desire for control
– Fear of losing relevance
– Need for dominance
– Effective leaders learn to use power responsibly, maintaining humility while exercising authority.


Emotional Intelligence and Ego Management
One of the most important frameworks connecting ego management with leadership is Emotional Intelligence (EI), which includes:
– Self-awareness
– Self-regulation
– Motivation
– Empathy
– Social skills
– Self-Awareness
Recognizing one’s ego triggers, insecurities, and biases.


Self-Regulation
Controlling emotional reactions driven by ego, such as anger or defensiveness.


Empathy
Understanding others’ perspectives reduces ego clashes.
MBA programs emphasize EI because leaders with high emotional intelligence manage ego far more effectively.


Ego Management in Teams


Teams are especially vulnerable to ego conflicts due to:
– Diverse personalities
– Competition for recognition
– Hierarchical differences
– Unmanaged ego in teams leads to:
– Communication breakdown
– Lack of collaboration
– Decision paralysis
– Reduced productivity


Effective managers foster:
– Respect-based cultures
– Shared goals
– Transparent communication
– Recognition systems that reward collective success
– Ego Management in Decision-Making


Ego-driven decisions are often:
– Overconfident
– Biased
– Risky
– Resistant to data

✨ कविता ✨ कहानी अभी बाक़ी है

एक छोटा-सा बिंदु
एक बड़े वाक्य को रोक सकता है।
सब कुछ कह देने के बाद भी
वह कह देता है—
“यहीं समाप्त।”
कभी-कभी जीवन भी
ऐसा ही बिंदु रख देता है
हमारे सपनों के बीच—
अचानक, बिना चेतावनी।
पर क्या तुमने कभी
तीन बिंदुओं को देखा है…?
वे कहते नहीं—
वे इशारा करते हैं।
वे रुकते नहीं—
वे आगे की संभावना छोड़ते हैं।

यही हैं वे बिंदु
जो अंत को
निरंतरता में बदल देते हैं।
अद्भुत है,
पर सत्य यही है—
रुकना हार नहीं,
ठहरना समझदारी है।
एक बिंदु
डर सिखाता है,
तीन बिंदु
उम्मीद जगाते हैं।
जहाँ सब कुछ समाप्त लगता है,
वहीं से
नया वाक्य जन्म लेता है।
नई भाषा,
नया अर्थ,
नया साहस।
याद रखो—
हर अंत
पूर्ण विराम नहीं होता।
कभी-कभी
वह सिर्फ़
तीन बिंदु होता है…
जो कहता है—
कहानी अभी बाक़ी है।

✨ कविता ✨ जब हँसी आती है

जब तुम हँसते हो,
तो ज़ख़्म चुपचाप
अपनी कहानी बदलने लगते हैं।
दर्द समझ जाता है—
अब वह अकेला राजा नहीं रहा।
हँसी कोई मज़ाक नहीं,
यह भीतर की सबसे गहरी दवा है,
जो बिना पर्चे के
सीधे आत्मा तक पहुँचती है।
कभी ध्यान देना—
टूटे हुए लोग
सबसे सुंदर मुस्कान रखते हैं,
क्योंकि उन्होंने
आँसुओं का स्वाद चख रखा होता है।
हँसी हार का इनकार नहीं,
यह स्वीकार है—
कि मैं गिरा था,
पर वहीं रुक नहीं गया।
जब हँसी आती है,
तो साँसें हल्की हो जाती हैं,
कंधों पर रखा बोझ
कुछ पल के लिए
ज़मीन पर उतर आता है।
डर पीछे हटता है,
उम्मीद आगे बढ़ती है,
और जीवन
फिर से चलने की जगह
नाचने लगता है।
तुम्हें पूरी तरह ठीक होने की
ज़रूरत नहीं होती
हँसने के लिए,
बस एक छोटा-सा विश्वास काफ़ी है—
कि अँधेरा स्थायी नहीं होता।
एक मुस्कान
एक शुरुआत है,
एक ठहाका
एक क्रांति।
क्योंकि जिस दिन तुम हँसते हो,
उसी दिन
तुम टूटने के बजाय
जुड़ना शुरू करते हो।
तो हँसो—
आज, अभी, बिना वजह।
क्योंकि याद रखो—
Once You Start Laughing,
You Start Healing.

✨ कविता ✨ आज फिर एक मौका है


जागो!
क्योंकि सूरज रोज़ नहीं पूछता
कि तुम थके हो या हारे हुए,
वह बस निकल आता है
और कहता है—
“आज फिर एक मौका है।”
जागो!
नींद सिर्फ़ आँखों में नहीं,
सोच में भी होती है,
जहाँ डर तकिये बन जाते हैं
और सपने
अलार्म की आवाज़ से भी नहीं जागते।
जियो!
सिर्फ़ साँस लेकर नहीं,
बल्कि सवाल पूछकर—
“क्या यही ज़िंदगी थी
जिसके लिए मैं बना था?”
जियो उस हँसी के साथ
जो कारण नहीं माँगती,
उस मेहनत के साथ
जो तारीफ़ की भूखी नहीं होती।
गिरो,
पर गिरने से पहले
डर से मत बैठो।
क्योंकि ज़मीन
सिर्फ़ गिरने वालों को
खड़े होने का अर्थ सिखाती है।
और फिर—
आनंदित हो जाओ।
हर जीत पर नहीं,
हर कोशिश पर।
हर मंज़िल पर नहीं,
हर कदम पर।
जब रास्ता कठिन हो,
तो गुनगुनाओ,
क्योंकि आनंद
परिस्थितियों से नहीं,
दृष्टि से पैदा होता है।
याद रखो—
कल एक कहानी है,
कल एक संभावना है,
पर आज
एक उत्सव है।
तो जागो,
अपने भीतर सोई
हिम्मत को पुकारो।
जियो,
अपने डर से बड़ा सपना चुनो।
और आनंदित हो जाओ—
क्योंकि जीवन
समस्या नहीं,
एक अद्भुत अवसर है।

✨ कविता ✨ “मैं बहुत Busy हूँ”


मैं बहुत Busy हूँ—
इतना कि फुर्सत को
व्हाट्सऐप पर भी
Seen नहीं कर पाता।
सुबह उठा तो Busy,
ब्रश करते-करते Busy,
नहाते वक्त सोचा—
“आज आराम करूँ?”
दिमाग़ बोला—
“माफ़ करना, पूरा दिन Busy रखा है।”
फोन आया—माँ का,
मैंने कहा—“अभी मीटिंग है।”
मीटिंग कहाँ?
बिस्तर पर लेटे-लेटे
WhatsApp ग्रुप में
“Good Morning” फॉरवर्ड कर रहा था—
पर भाई, Busy तो था!
दोस्त बोला—
“चल चाय पीते हैं।”
मैंने कहा—
“आज बिल्कुल टाइम नहीं है।”
फिर आधा घंटा
रील्स देखते हुए
सोचता रहा—
“यार, लोग कितने फालतू होते हैं!”
ऑफिस में Busy दिखना
सबसे ज़रूरी कला है—
कंधे पर बैग,
चेहरे पर तनाव,
और स्क्रीन पर खुला हुआ
वही Excel
जो तीन दिन से Save भी नहीं हुआ।
बीवी बोली—
“थोड़ा टाइम दो।”
मैंने कहा—
“देखो, बहुत Busy हूँ।”
फिर रात को पूछा—
“डिनर क्यों ठंडा है?”
उसने कहा—
“तुम्हारे Busy होने की वजह से।”
Busy होने का
एक फ़ायदा ज़रूर है—
कोई ज़िम्मेदारी नहीं,
कोई सवाल नहीं,
बस एक बहाना—
“यार, टाइम ही नहीं है!”
पर सच बताऊँ तो—
Busy हम काम से नहीं,
डर से होते हैं—
खुद से मिलने के डर से,
खाली बैठकर
ज़िंदगी से सवाल पूछने के डर से।
कभी-कभी सोचता हूँ—
अगर सच में फ्री हो गया,
तो क्या करूँगा?
शायद
थोड़ा जी लूँगा,
और फिर कहूँगा—
“आज ज़िंदगी के साथ Busy हूँ।”

✨ कविता ✨ “सोएँ या ज़िंदगी से कुछ पूछें?


उम्र पूछी तो बोले—
“अरे मत पूछो भाई!”
काग़ज़ कहता—पचपन,
दिल कहता—अब भी चालीस भाई
घुटने बोले—“शांत रहो”,
कमर ने लगाया ब्रेक,
दिमाग़ बोला—“आज छुट्टी है”,
पर ज़िंदगी बोली—“चलो, अभी तो है एक और चेक।”
सुबह उठे तो चश्मा ढूँढा,
चश्मा मिला—पर याद नहीं आया
क्यों ढूँढ रहे थे!
यही तो है उम्र का कमाल—
सब कुछ सामने,
पर मक़सद कहीं और पड़ा है।
अब बात करते हैं
सिर्फ़ जीने की—
ऑफिस, घर, EMI,
शनिवार का बाज़ार,
और रविवार को वही सवाल—
“सोएँ या ज़िंदगी से कुछ पूछें?”
ये है जीना—
साँस चल रही है,
दिल काम कर रहा है,
पर मुस्कान
फ़ाइल में बंद है।
और फिर आता है
सच में जीना—
जहाँ चाय ठंडी हो
पर बातें गर्म हों,
जहाँ बारिश में भीगते हुए
छाता घर भूल जाना
कोई अपराध नहीं लगता।
जहाँ उम्र बढ़ती है,
पर जिज्ञासा ज़िंदा रहती है,
जहाँ पेट पर चर्बी है,
पर सपनों में अभी भी
दौड़ लगाने की आदत रहती है।
सच में जीने वाले
घड़ी नहीं देखते,
लम्हे देखते हैं।
वे गिरते हैं,
फिर हँसकर कहते हैं—
“चलो, नया अनुभव मिला।”
जीना सिखाया जाता है
जिम्मेदारियों से,
पर सच में जीना
सीखा जाता है
मूर्खताएँ करने से।
थोड़ा हँसना,
थोड़ा रो लेना,
और कभी-कभी
खुद से कहना—
“चल यार, आज ज़िंदगी जीत गई।”
तो उम्र से मत डरिए,
वह तो बस गिनती है,
डरिए उस दिन से
जब हँसना कहे—
“मुझे अब फुर्सत नहीं।”
क्योंकि
सिर्फ़ जीना
एक आदत है,
और
सच में जीना
एक साहसिक फ़ैसला।

✨ कविता ✨ बारिश


मैंने ईश्वर से फूल माँगे,
कोमल, सुगंध से भरे,
जिन्हें देख कर
थकान कुछ पल को रुक जाए,
और मन को लगे—
हाँ, यही तो सुख है।
पर ईश्वर ने
मेरी हथेलियों में
मौन की तरह
बारिश रख दी।
पहली बूँद गिरी
तो मैं चौंक गया,
दूसरी पर
मन भीगने लगा,
तीसरी तक आते-आते
मेरे सपने
मिट्टी की तरह गीले हो चुके थे।
मैंने कहा—
“यह क्या है प्रभु?
मैंने तो फूल माँगे थे,
ये आँसू-सी बारिश क्यों?”
ईश्वर मुस्कराया नहीं,
उसने उत्तर भी नहीं दिया,
बस
मुझे उस खेत के बीच
खड़ा रहने दिया
जहाँ बीज दबे थे—
अनदेखे, अनसुने।
बारिश तेज़ हुई,
रास्ते कीचड़ से भर गए,
पाँव फिसलते रहे,
और हर फिसलन ने
मुझे गिरने का
नया अर्थ सिखाया।
मैंने कई बार चाहा
छत की तलाश करूँ,
किसी सुरक्षित कोने में
सूखा खड़ा रहूँ,
पर तब
बीज सूखे ही रहते।
समय बीता।
बारिश थमी।
सूरज निकला—
संकोच से,
जैसे क्षमा माँग रहा हो।
तब मैंने देखा—
मेरे चारों ओर
वही फूल खिले थे
जिन्हें मैं माँग रहा था,
पर अब
उनकी जड़ें
मेरे भीतर थीं।
तभी समझ आया—
ईश्वर फूल नहीं देता,
वह
उगने की परिस्थितियाँ देता है।
वह दर्द देता है
ताकि जड़ें गहरी हों,
वह बारिश देता है
ताकि आत्मा
सूख न जाए।
मैंने ईश्वर से फूल माँगे थे,
और उसने मुझे बारिश दे दी—
क्योंकि वह जानता था,
फूल
बारिश के बिना
कभी जन्म नहीं लेते।

✨ कविता ✨ दुखीराम


दुखी बैठा था  वर्मा जी,
चेहरे पर लटका हुआ सवाल,
सोच रहे थे—“हाय राम!
क्यों ज़िंदगी है इतनी बेहाल?”
चाय ठंडी, बिस्कुट सख़्त,
मोबाइल में खत्म हो गया नेट,
ऊपर से बीवी बोली—
“आज फिर सब्ज़ी में है सिर्फ़ लौकी सेट!”
वर्मा जी बोले—“हाय मेरी क़िस्मत!”
दुनिया मुझसे क्यों है रूठी?
तभी पप्पू ने ज्ञान दिया—
“पापा, दुखी रहने से लौकी कड़वी से मीठी नहीं होती।”
परेशानी बोली—“मैं आई हूँ”
वर्मा जी बोले—“आ जा बहन!”
दुख ने कहा—“मैं भी रहूँ?”
वर्मा जी बोले—“रह जा, क्या फ़र्क़ पड़ता है अब?”
फिर बैठे तीनों मिलकर
चेहरा लटका, माहौल ग़मगीन,
तभी पड़ोसी  शर्मा जी आए
हँसते हुए—बिलकुल बेफिक्री मशीन।
बोले—“क्या हुआ वर्मा जी ?”
“कुछ नहीं”—वर्मा जी ने कहा,
शर्मा जी हँसे—“तो फिर मुँह ऐसा क्यों
जैसे इनकम टैक्स ने रिश्ता तोड़ लिया?”
दुखी रहो तो क्या मिलता है?
चेहरे पर झुर्रियों का बोनस,
ब्लड प्रेशर फ्री में बढ़ता है,
डॉक्टर बन जाता है अपना दोस्त।
तनाव कहता—“आओ गले मिलो”
नींद कहती—“मुझसे दूरी रखो”,
खुशी चुपचाप कोने में बैठी
सोचती—“भाई, मुझे क्यों नज़रअंदाज़ करो?”
सोचो ज़रा—
दुखी होकर क्या EMI कम हो जाएगी?
क्या बॉस अचानक बोलेगा—
“आज से तुम्हारी तनख़्वाह दुगुनी हो जाएगी?”
क्या ट्रैफिक दुख देखकर
अपने आप रास्ता छोड़ देगा?
या पेट्रोल दुखी इंसान के लिए
दो रुपये सस्ता हो जाएगा?
बच्चा गिरा, रोने लगा,
माँ ने कहा—“हँस के उठ जा”,
रोते-रोते क्या घाव भरेगा?
या रोना ही प्लास्टर बन जाएगा?
परीक्षा में नंबर कम आए,
तो रो-रोकर क्या पेपर बदल जाएगा?
या हँसकर दोबारा पढ़ने से
अगली बार रिज़ल्ट सुधर जाएगा?
इसलिए सुनो भाई, सुनो बहन,
ज़िंदगी है चाय की प्याली,
कभी ज़्यादा मीठी, कभी फीकी,
पर पीनी तो है—चाहे खाली।
दुख आए तो कहो—“स्वागत है!”
पर उसे राजा मत बना दो,
खुशी को भी बोलने दो—
उसे हमेशा बाहर मत भगा दो।

CHAPTER – 9


Production Management

Production management is a vital function of operations management that focuses on the planning, organizing, directing, and controlling of production activities. Its primary objective is to ensure that goods are produced in the right quantity, at the right time, and at the right cost, while maintaining the desired level of quality. In manufacturing-driven organizations, production management acts as the backbone that connects resources, processes, and market demand.


Understanding Production Management
Production management involves transforming raw materials into finished products through a well-coordinated system of people, machines, materials, and methods. It ensures that production operations run smoothly, resources are optimally utilized, and customer requirements are consistently met.


The success of production management lies in balancing cost, quality, speed, and flexibility, while responding effectively to changes in demand and technology.


Major Activities of Production Management


1. Production Planning and Scheduling
Production planning determines what to produce, how much to produce, and when to produce. Scheduling further defines the exact timing and sequence of operations to ensure uninterrupted workflow.
Effective planning and scheduling help:
– Avoid overproduction or underproduction
– Reduce delays and work-in-progress inventory
– Ensure timely delivery to customers


2. Capacity Planning
Capacity planning involves determining the maximum output capability of production facilities. It ensures that the organization has adequate resources—machines, labor, and space—to meet current and future demand.


Proper capacity planning:
– Prevents overloading or underutilization of resources
– Supports long-term growth and expansion decisions
– Enhances operational flexibility


3. Inventory Control
Inventory control focuses on maintaining optimal stock levels of raw materials, work-in-progress, and finished goods. Excess inventory increases carrying costs, while insufficient inventory can disrupt production.


Effective inventory control:
– Reduces storage and holding costs
– Prevents production stoppages
– Ensures smooth and continuous operations


4. Maintenance Management
Maintenance management ensures that machinery and equipment are kept in optimal working condition. This includes preventive, predictive, and corrective maintenance activities.


Strong maintenance practices:
– Reduce breakdowns and downtime
– Extend equipment life
– Improve safety and production reliability


Benefits of Effective Production Management


Well-implemented production management systems help organizations achieve several operational advantages:
– Meeting Market Demand Efficiently
– By aligning production with market demand, organizations can respond quickly to customer needs without excess inventory or shortages.
– Reducing Idle Time and Bottlenecks
– Proper planning and resource allocation minimize idle time of machines and labor while identifying and eliminating production bottlenecks.


Maintaining Smooth Workflow
A well-coordinated production system ensures a continuous and balanced flow of materials and information, reducing disruptions and inefficiencies.


Impact on Manufacturing Industries
In manufacturing industries, strong production management leads to:
– Higher throughput and faster production cycles
– Lower operational costs due to reduced waste and downtime
– Better utilization of plant resources such as labor, machinery, and space
– Improved product quality and consistency

These benefits directly contribute to increased competitiveness, profitability, and customer satisfaction.


Production management is the heart of manufacturing and operations. By effectively planning, organizing, directing, and controlling production activities, organizations can achieve operational excellence and long-term sustainability.
In an era where efficiency, cost control, and timely delivery define success, effective production management is not merely a support function—it is a strategic necessity. Organizations that invest in robust production management practices are better equipped to meet market demands, optimize resources, and maintain a competitive edge in the global marketplace.

CHAPTER 9(i)

Who Should Choose Production Management as a Stream of MBA ?

In every economy—whether developing or developed—production is the backbone of growth. From manufacturing automobiles, pharmaceuticals, electronics, textiles, and food products to delivering large-scale services, the efficiency of production systems determines an organization’s competitiveness, profitability, and sustainability. While marketing creates demand and finance allocates capital, production transforms resources into value.


In this context, Production Management has emerged as a vital specialization in MBA programs. It focuses on planning, organizing, directing, and controlling production activities to ensure that goods and services are produced efficiently, economically, and with consistent quality.


Choosing Production Management as an MBA stream is not for everyone. It demands a specific calibre of individuals—those who enjoy systems, processes, discipline, coordination, and continuous improvement. This article discusses in detail who should choose Production Management as an MBA specialization and why, analyzing the required skills, personality traits, mindset, and long-term career implications.


Production Management deals with the conversion of inputs (raw materials, labor, capital, and technology) into outputs (finished goods or services) through well-designed processes.
It involves:
– Production planning and control
– Capacity planning
– Plant layout and facility design
– Inventory and materials management
– Work measurement and productivity improvement
– Maintenance management
– Quality and cost control
– Lean manufacturing and waste reduction
An MBA in Production Management prepares professionals to manage complex production systems strategically and operationally.


Why Production Management Is a Crucial MBA Stream
Production Management has gained increasing importance due to:
– Global competition and cost pressure
– Demand for high quality at low cost
– Lean and Just-in-Time (JIT) practices
– Automation and Industry 4.0
– Supply chain integration
– Sustainability and resource optimization
Organizations need managers who can balance efficiency, quality, cost, and flexibility.


1. Individuals with Strong Interest in Manufacturing and Operations


Operational Inclination Calibre
Production Management is best suited for individuals who:
– Are curious about how products are made
– Enjoy factory, plant, or shop-floor environments
– Take interest in machines, workflows, and systems
– Prefer tangible outcomes over abstract concepts
Those who like to see ideas turning into physical products find production roles deeply satisfying.


2. Individuals with Analytical and Logical Thinking Skills


Analytical Calibre
Production decisions are data-driven and logical.
Suitable individuals:
– Analyze capacity, output, and efficiency
– Work with numbers, ratios, and productivity metrics
– Interpret production reports and dashboards
– Optimize processes using data
Production Management attracts people who enjoy quantitative analysis and rational decision-making.


3. Individuals with Strong Process and Systems Thinking


Systems-Oriented Calibre
Production is not a single activity but a network of interlinked processes.
This stream suits individuals who:
– Think in terms of inputs, processes, and outputs
– Understand interdependencies and bottlenecks
– Design workflows and layouts logically
– Focus on system optimization rather than isolated tasks
Those with a systems mindset excel in production roles.


4. Individuals with Discipline, Patience, and Consistency


Temperamental Calibre
Production Management requires:
– Strict adherence to schedules
– Compliance with procedures
– Repetitive monitoring and control
Individuals suited for this stream:
– Are disciplined and methodical
– Believe in consistency over shortcuts
– Have patience for gradual improvement
Production excellence is built over time, not overnight.


5. Individuals Comfortable with Shop-Floor Realities


Practical Calibre
Unlike purely office-based roles, production managers:
– Work closely with workers and supervisors
– Spend time on the shop floor
– Deal with machines, breakdowns, and labor issues


This stream suits individuals who:
– Are comfortable in hands-on environments
– Respect technical and operational staff
– Prefer real-world problem-solving


6. Individuals with Leadership and Workforce Management Skills


People-Management Calibre
Production managers lead:
– Operators and technicians
– Supervisors and engineers
– Maintenance and quality teams
Suitable individuals:
– Can motivate shop-floor workers
– Handle labor discipline tactfully
– Resolve conflicts and grievances
– Lead diverse teams
Leadership in production is about practical authority, fairness, and respect.


7. Individuals Interested in Cost Control and Efficiency


Cost-Conscious Calibre
Production Management plays a major role in:
– Cost reduction
– Waste elimination
– Productivity improvement
Individuals who:
– Are cost-aware
– Seek efficiency improvements
Understand resource optimization
are well-suited for this stream.


8. Individuals Who Believe in Continuous Improvement (Kaizen)


Improvement-Oriented Calibre
Production excellence is driven by:
– Lean manufacturing
– Kaizen
– Six Sigma
-Total Productive Maintenance (TPM)
This stream suits individuals who:
– Believe processes can always be improved
– Encourage learning from errors
– Promote standardization and best practices


9. Individuals with Technical or Engineering Background


Background Compatibility
Production Management is especially suitable for graduates from:
– Mechanical Engineering
– Electrical Engineering
-Industrial Engineering
– Production Engineering
– Chemical Engineering
An MBA enables them to move from technical execution to managerial decision-making.


10. Individuals Comfortable with Planning and Scheduling


Planning Calibre
Production Management requires:
– Production scheduling
– Capacity planning
– Materials requirement planning (MRP)
Individuals who:
– Plan ahead
– Balance demand and capacity
– Coordinate timelines, find this specialization intellectually engaging.


11. Individuals Who Can Handle Pressure and Operational Challenges


Stress-Handling Calibre
Production environments involve:
– Deadlines
– Machine breakdowns
– Labor shortages
– Demand fluctuations
This stream suits individuals who:
– Stay calm under pressure
– Make quick, practical decisions
– Adapt to changing conditions


12. Individuals Interested in Industrial Growth and Nation-Building


Macro-Level Calibre
Production Management contributes to:
– Industrial development
– Employment generation
– Economic growth
Individuals motivated by nation-building and industrial excellence often find production roles meaningful.


13. Individuals Seeking Stable and Long-Term Careers


Career Stability Calibre
Production Management offers:
– Stable demand across industries
– Long-term relevance
– Opportunities in manufacturing and services
Those seeking job security and steady growth benefit from this specialization.


Who Should Avoid Production Management as an MBA Stream ?
Production Management may not suit individuals who:
– Dislike structured routines
– Avoid factory or operational environments
– Prefer purely creative or desk-based roles
– Lack patience and discipline
– Are uncomfortable managing labor and operations


Career Opportunities After MBA in Production Management
– Production Manager
– Operations Manager
– Plant Manager
– Manufacturing Head
– Process Improvement Manager
– Operations Director (long-term)
Industries include:
– Manufacturing
– FMCG
– Pharmaceuticals
– Automobiles
– Textiles
– Energy and infrastructure


Why Choose Production Management as an MBA Stream ?
– Key Advantages
– Core role in value creation
– High relevance in manufacturing economies
– Strong linkage with quality, supply chain, and operations
– Leadership and authority roles
– Contribution to efficiency and competitiveness

Production Management as an MBA stream is best suited for individuals with analytical thinking, systems orientation, discipline, leadership ability, and a strong interest in operations and manufacturing. It is a specialization for those who enjoy transforming resources into results, managing complexity, and driving efficiency on the ground.

CHAPTER – 8

Information Technology (IT) / Systems Management


Information Technology (IT) / Systems Management is a vital domain of modern management that focuses on planning, implementing, managing, and optimizing technology resources to support business objectives.

In today’s digital-first economy, technology is no longer a support function; it is a strategic enabler that drives efficiency, innovation, and competitive advantage.


IT / Systems Management bridges the gap between technical systems and business strategy, enabling organizations to leverage data, automation, and digital platforms for informed decision-making and sustainable growth.


Understanding IT / Systems Management


IT / Systems Management involves managing an organization’s technology infrastructure, information systems, and digital processes to ensure reliability, security, and alignment with business goals. It ensures that technology investments deliver measurable business value while minimizing risks and costs.


The core objectives of IT / Systems Management include:


– Supporting strategic decision-making
– Improving operational efficiency
– Enhancing data-driven insights
– Ensuring system security and reliability
– Enabling digital transformation
Effective IT management requires both technical knowledge and managerial expertise, making it ideal for professionals who can connect business needs with technological solutions.


Core Focus Areas of IT / Systems Management


1. Technology Management
Technology management focuses on planning, deploying, maintaining, and upgrading IT infrastructure such as hardware, software, networks, and cloud systems.
Key responsibilities include:
– IT strategy development
– Technology selection and evaluation
– Vendor and project management
– System integration and scalability
Good technology management ensures that IT systems are cost-effective, scalable, and aligned with organizational goals, rather than becoming isolated technical assets.


2. Business Analytics
Business analytics involves using data, statistical tools, and analytical techniques to gain insights that support better business decisions. It transforms raw data into meaningful information.
Types of business analytics:
– Descriptive analytics (what happened)
– Diagnostic analytics (why it happened)
– Predictive analytics (what may happen)
– Prescriptive analytics (what should be done)


Business analytics helps organizations:
-Improve forecasting and planning
– Enhance customer understanding
– Optimize operations and performance
In a data-driven economy, analytics is a core competency for IT and management professionals.


3. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Systems
ERP systems integrate multiple business functions—such as finance, HR, operations, supply chain, and sales—into a single unified platform.
Popular ERP systems include:
– SAP
– Oracle ERP
– Microsoft Dynamics
– Benefits of ERP systems:
– Real-time data visibility
– Process standardization
Improved coordination across departments
Better compliance and reporting
ERP implementation is a major organizational initiative requiring strong project management, change management, and technical expertise.


4. Cybersecurity Management
Cybersecurity focuses on protecting information systems, data, and digital assets from cyber threats, breaches, and unauthorized access.
Key cybersecurity areas include:
– Network and data security
– Access control and authentication
– Risk assessment and compliance
– Incident response and recovery
With increasing cyber threats, cybersecurity has become a top management priority, essential for maintaining customer trust and business continuity.


Key Subjects in IT / Systems Management


1. Management Information Systems (MIS)
MIS involves designing and managing information systems that provide accurate, timely, and relevant information for managerial decision-making.
MIS supports:
– Planning and control
– Performance monitoring
– Strategic analysis
A strong MIS enables managers to make informed decisions based on real-time data.


2. Business Analytics
This subject focuses on analytical tools, data visualization, and statistical methods used to extract insights from data. It prepares managers to interpret data and support strategic decisions.


3. ERP (SAP, Oracle)
ERP education covers system architecture, business process integration, and hands-on understanding of ERP modules such as finance, supply chain, HR, and production.


4. Cybersecurity Basics
Cybersecurity basics introduce fundamental concepts such as threats, vulnerabilities, encryption, compliance, and risk management. Managers learn how to integrate security into business strategy.


Strategic Role of IT / Systems Management
IT / Systems Management plays a strategic role by:
– Enabling digital transformation
– Supporting innovation and automation
– Enhancing organizational agility
– Improving customer experience
Technology-driven organizations are better equipped to adapt to market changes and gain a competitive edge.


Career Options in IT / Systems Management
IT / Systems Management offers diverse career opportunities across industries such as IT services, manufacturing, banking, healthcare, e-commerce, and consulting.


1. IT Manager
IT managers oversee technology infrastructure, manage IT teams, ensure system reliability, and align IT operations with business objectives.


2. Business Analyst
Business analysts act as a bridge between business users and technical teams. They analyze requirements, design solutions, and support system implementation.


3. Product Manager
Product managers manage the lifecycle of digital products, from concept to launch. They balance customer needs, business goals, and technical feasibility.


Who Should Choose IT / Systems Management ?
This specialization is best suited for:
– Tech-savvy professionals
– Individuals who enjoy problem-solving and data analysis
– Professionals interested in both business strategy and technology
– Those who want to bridge the gap between technical teams and management
– It is ideal for engineers, IT graduates, and professionals seeking managerial roles in technology-driven organizations.


Challenges in IT / Systems Management
Common challenges include:
– Rapid technological change
– High implementation costs
– Cybersecurity threats
– Resistance to change
Effective IT managers must combine technical expertise, leadership skills, and strategic vision to overcome these challenges.


Technology Trends Shaping IT / Systems Management
Emerging trends include:
– Cloud computing
– Artificial intelligence and machine learning
– Big data and analytics
– Internet of Things (IoT)
Staying updated with these trends is essential for long-term career success.

In conclusion, Information Technology / Systems Management plays a vital role in shaping the success and competitiveness of modern organizations. By effectively aligning technology with business goals, it enables companies to improve efficiency, drive innovation, and respond quickly to changing market demands. For professionals who possess technical knowledge along with strategic and managerial skills, this specialization offers meaningful and future-oriented career opportunities. In an increasingly digital economy, the ability to manage and leverage technology is no longer optional—it is a critical requirement for sustainable growth and long-term success.

CHAPTER 8(i)

Who Should Choose Information Technology (IT) / Systems Management as an MBA Stream ?

In the 21st century, Information Technology is no longer a support function—it is the backbone of modern organizations. Every business process today, from finance and marketing to operations and human resources, is deeply integrated with information systems. Digital platforms, cloud computing, artificial intelligence, data analytics, cybersecurity, and enterprise software solutions have transformed how organizations operate, compete, and grow.
As businesses increasingly rely on technology for decision-making, efficiency, scalability, and innovation, the demand has grown for professionals who can bridge the gap between technology and management. This need has given rise to IT / Systems Management as a prominent MBA specialization.


Choosing IT / Systems Management is not merely about liking computers or software; it is about possessing the calibre to manage technology strategically, align IT systems with business goals, and lead digital transformation initiatives. This article discusses in detail who should choose IT / Systems Management as an MBA stream and why, focusing on the skills, personality traits, mindset, and career aspirations that make an individual suitable for this specialization.


Understanding IT / Systems Management


What Is IT / Systems Management ?
IT / Systems Management involves the planning, implementation, management, and governance of information systems to support organizational objectives. It integrates technical knowledge with managerial decision-making.


Key areas include:
– Information Systems Strategy
– Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
– Database and Data Management
– IT Infrastructure Management
– Cybersecurity and Risk Management
– Business Analytics and Decision Support Systems
– Digital Transformation and Automation
Unlike purely technical degrees, an MBA in IT / Systems Management focuses on how technology enables business value.


Why IT / Systems Management Has Become a Critical MBA Stream

The importance of IT / Systems Management has grown due to:
– Digital transformation across industries
– Growth of data-driven decision-making
– Cloud computing and SaaS adoption
– Cybersecurity threats and compliance needs
– Automation and AI integration
– Global IT outsourcing and service delivery

Organizations now require leaders who understand both technology and business strategy.

1. Individuals with a Strong Interest in Technology and Business Integration


Tech-Business Orientation Calibre
IT / Systems Management is ideal for individuals who:
– Are fascinated by how technology solves business problems
– Enjoy understanding software systems and workflows
– Think about improving efficiency through automation
– See IT as a strategic tool, not just a support function
Such individuals naturally connect technical solutions with organizational goals, making them suitable for this specialization.


2. Individuals with Analytical and Logical Thinking Skills


Analytical Calibre
IT and systems management rely heavily on:
– Logical reasoning
– Data interpretation
– Process analysis
Individuals who:
– Enjoy analyzing systems and structures
– Understand cause-and-effect relationships
– Can interpret dashboards, reports, and metrics, excel in IT / Systems Management roles. Business analytics, system optimization, and IT governance require strong analytical ability.


3. Individuals Comfortable with Data and Information Systems


Data-Centric Calibre
Modern organizations run on data. IT / Systems Management suits individuals who:
– Are comfortable working with large datasets
– Understand databases and information flows
– Appreciate the value of data accuracy and integrity
– Use data for informed decision-making
Those who enjoy working with data, dashboards, ERP systems, and MIS reports find this stream highly relevant.


4. Individuals from Technical or Science Backgrounds Seeking Managerial Roles


Background Compatibility
This MBA stream is particularly suitable for individuals with backgrounds in:
– Engineering (Computer Science, IT, Electronics, Mechanical)
– Mathematics and Statistics
– Science and Technology
– IT services and software development
It allows them to transition from technical execution to managerial leadership, combining domain knowledge with business strategy.


5. Individuals Interested in Digital Transformation and Innovation


Innovation-Oriented Calibre
IT / Systems Management is at the heart of:
– Digital transformation initiatives
– Automation of business processes
– AI and machine learning adoption
– Smart systems and platforms
Individuals who:
– Enjoy innovation and change
– Are curious about emerging technologies
– Want to lead organizational transformation
are well-suited for this specialization.


6. Individuals with Strong Problem-Solving Skills


Problem-Solving Calibre
IT managers constantly solve problems such as:
– System inefficiencies
– Integration challenges
– Security vulnerabilities
– User adoption issues
Individuals who:
– Diagnose problems systematically
– Propose practical technology solutions
– Balance cost, risk, and performance
thrive in IT / Systems Management roles.


7. Individuals Comfortable with Continuous Learning


Learning-Oriented Calibre
Technology evolves rapidly. What is relevant today may become obsolete tomorrow.
This stream suits individuals who:
– Enjoy continuous learning
– Adapt quickly to new tools and platforms
– Stay updated with technological trends
– Pursue certifications and skill upgrades
– Lifelong learning is essential for success in IT management.


8. Individuals with Strong Process and Systems Thinking


Systems-Thinking Calibre
IT / Systems Management requires understanding organizations as interconnected systems.
Suitable individuals:
– Think holistically
– Understand interdependencies between departments
– Design efficient workflows
– Optimize system performance
Those who naturally think in terms of processes, inputs, outputs, and feedback loops excel in this field.


9. Individuals with Leadership and Coordination Skills


Leadership Calibre
IT managers lead:
– Technical teams
– Cross-functional projects
– Vendors and service providers
Individuals suited for this stream:
– Communicate effectively with both technical and non-technical stakeholders
– Coordinate across departments
– Lead change and manage resistance
– Leadership in IT is about influence, clarity, and collaboration.


10. Individuals Interested in Cybersecurity, Risk, and Compliance


Risk-Aware Calibre
As cyber threats increase, IT governance and security have become critical.
This stream suits individuals who:
– Understand the importance of data security
– Appreciate compliance and risk management
– Can balance innovation with control
Cybersecurity leadership roles require a mix of technical understanding and strategic oversight.


11. Individuals Who Enjoy Structured Tools and Frameworks


Framework-Oriented Calibre
IT / Systems Management uses structured frameworks such as:
– ITIL
– COBIT
– TOGAF
– ERP systems (SAP, Oracle)
– Agile and DevOps
Individuals who enjoy working with methodologies, standards, and best practices find this specialization fulfilling.


12. Individuals Seeking High-Growth and Global Career Opportunities


Career Mobility Calibre
IT / Systems Management offers:
– Global job opportunities
– High demand across industries
– Remote and international roles
– Exposure to multinational environments
Those aspiring for global careers find this stream highly advantageous.


13. Individuals Comfortable with Change and Uncertainty


Adaptability Calibre
IT projects involve:
– Rapid change
– Uncertain outcomes
– Frequent upgrades
This stream suits individuals who:
– Embrace change
– Adapt quickly
– Manage uncertainty confidently


14. Individuals Who Want Strategic Roles Rather Than Pure Coding


Strategic Calibre
IT / Systems Management is ideal for those who:
– Do not want to remain pure programmers
– Want to make strategic decisions
– Enjoy planning, governance, and leadership
It enables professionals to move from “how to code” to “why and where to apply technology.”


Who Should Avoid IT / Systems Management as an MBA Stream ?
This stream may not suit individuals who:
– Dislike technology altogether
– Avoid continuous learning
– Prefer purely creative or people-centric roles
– Are uncomfortable with data and systems
– Seek routine and predictable work


Career Roles After MBA in IT / Systems Management
– IT Manager
– Systems Manager
– Business Analyst
– ERP Consultant
– Digital Transformation Manager
– CIO (Chief Information Officer) – long term
Technology Consultant


Why Choose IT / Systems Management as an MBA Stream ?
– Key Advantages
– Strategic importance in modern organizations
– Strong demand and employability
– High growth potential
– Cross-industry applicability
– Leadership-oriented career path

Information Technology / Systems Management as an MBA stream is best suited for individuals with analytical thinking, technological curiosity, systems orientation, adaptability, and leadership potential. It is a specialization for those who want to shape the digital future of organizations, align technology with strategy, and drive innovation responsibly.


In an era where technology defines competitiveness, IT / Systems Management professionals are not just managers of systems—they are architects of organizational success.


For individuals who believe that technology is most powerful when guided by sound management, this MBA stream offers a dynamic, respected, and future-ready career path.

CHAPTER -7

Project Management


In today’s fast-changing and competitive world, organizations increasingly rely on projects to implement strategies, introduce innovations, develop infrastructure, and achieve specific goals. Whether it is launching a new product, implementing an IT system, constructing a building, or executing a social development program, Project Management plays a vital role in ensuring that objectives are achieved within defined constraints of time, cost, and quality.
Project Management is not merely about schedules and budgets; it is a structured approach to managing change, uncertainty, and complexity. It combines technical skills, leadership, communication, and strategic thinking to convert ideas into successful outcomes.


Understanding Project Management
Project Management is the application of knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques to project activities to meet project objectives. A project is a temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product, service, or result. Unlike routine operations, projects have:
– A defined start and end
– Specific objectives
– Limited resources
– Unique outcomes
The primary goal of project management is to deliver value by meeting stakeholder expectations while balancing scope, time, cost, and quality.


Importance of Project Management
Project Management has become essential across industries due to:
– Increasing project complexity
– Resource constraints
– Global and cross-functional teams
– High stakeholder expectations
Effective project management helps organizations:
– Complete projects on time and within budget
– Minimize risks and uncertainties
– Improve coordination and communication
– Enhance quality and customer satisfaction
– Achieve strategic goals efficiently
Organizations with mature project management practices are more likely to succeed in competitive markets.


Key Elements of Project Management


Project Management is built around several core elements:
1. Project Objectives
Clearly defined objectives provide direction and purpose. Objectives should be SMART—Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, and Time-bound.
2. Constraints (Triple Constraint)
Every project operates under three primary constraints:
Scope – What needs to be done
Time – When it must be completed
Cost – Budget limitations
Quality lies at the center and is influenced by how well these constraints are balanced.
3. Stakeholders
Stakeholders include anyone who has an interest in the project, such as clients, sponsors, team members, suppliers, and end users. Managing stakeholder expectations is critical to project success.


Project Life Cycle
Projects typically follow a structured life cycle consisting of the following phases:
1. Initiation Phase
This phase involves defining the project at a high level.
Key activities include:
– Identifying business needs
– Conducting feasibility analysis
– Defining project objectives
– Appointing the project manager
The output of this phase is usually a project charter, which formally authorizes the project.


2. Planning Phase
The planning phase is the most critical stage of project management. It lays the foundation for successful execution.
Key planning activities include:
– Scope definition and Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)
– Schedule planning and timelines
– Cost estimation and budgeting
– Resource planning
– Risk identification and mitigation planning
– Communication and quality planning
A well-developed project plan serves as a roadmap for the entire project.


3. Execution Phase
In this phase, the project plan is put into action.
Major execution activities include:
– Coordinating people and resources
– Performing project tasks
– Managing teams and stakeholders
– Ensuring quality standards
Strong leadership, communication, and coordination are essential during execution.


4. Monitoring and Controlling Phase
This phase runs parallel to execution and ensures that the project remains on track.
Key activities include:
– Tracking project progress
– Monitoring costs and schedules
– Managing scope changes
– Addressing risks and issues
– Performance reporting
Monitoring and controlling help identify deviations early and take corrective actions.


5. Closing Phase
The closing phase formally completes the project.
Key activities include:
– Final deliverable acceptance
– Documentation and reporting
– Resource release
– Lessons learned
Project closure ensures that objectives are met and knowledge is captured for future projects.


Project Planning Tools and Techniques
Effective project management relies on various tools and techniques:
– Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)
– WBS breaks the project into manageable tasks, making planning and control easier.
– Gantt Charts
Gantt charts visually represent project schedules, task durations, and dependencies

.
PERT and CPM
These techniques help analyze task sequences, critical paths, and project timelines.
Risk Management Tools
Risk registers, probability-impact matrices, and contingency plans help manage uncertainty.
Risk Management in Project Management
Risk management involves identifying, analyzing, and responding to project risks.
Types of risks include:
Technical risks
Financial risks
Operational risks
External risks
Effective risk management improves project resilience and success rates.
Quality Management in Projects
Quality management ensures that project deliverables meet defined standards and stakeholder expectations.
Key components include:
Quality planning
Quality assurance
Quality control
Quality should be built into the process rather than inspected at the end.
Human Resource and Team Management
Projects are executed by people, making team management a critical success factor.
Key aspects include:
Team formation and role definition
Motivation and leadership
Conflict resolution
Performance evaluation
A motivated and well-coordinated team significantly enhances project outcomes.
Communication Management
Communication is the backbone of project management.
Effective communication involves:
Timely information sharing
Clear reporting structures
Stakeholder engagement
Feedback mechanisms
Poor communication is one of the leading causes of project failure.
Project Management Methodologies
Different projects require different approaches.
Traditional (Waterfall) Method
Best suited for well-defined projects with stable requirements.
Agile Project Management
Focuses on flexibility, collaboration, and continuous improvement. Common in IT and software projects.
Hybrid Approaches
Combine traditional and agile elements to suit complex projects.
Role of the Project Manager
The Project Manager is responsible for planning, executing, and closing projects successfully.
Key responsibilities include:
Defining project scope and objectives
Managing time, cost, and quality
Leading and motivating teams
Managing risks and stakeholders
Reporting to senior management
A successful project manager combines technical knowledge, leadership skills, and emotional intelligence.
Applications of Project Management Across Industries
Project management is used in:
Construction and infrastructure
Information technology
Manufacturing and operations
Healthcare and pharmaceuticals
Education and research
Its principles are universal, though tools and practices may vary by industry.
Challenges in Project Management
Common challenges include:
Scope creep
Resource constraints
Unclear requirements
Stakeholder conflicts
Unforeseen risks
Addressing these challenges requires proactive planning, flexibility, and strong leadership.
Career Opportunities in Project Management
Project management offers attractive career paths such as:
Project Manager
Program Manager
Project Coordinator
PMO (Project Management Office) roles
Certifications like PMP, PRINCE2, and Agile certifications enhance career prospects.
Who Should Choose Project Management?
Project management is ideal for:
Organized and detail-oriented individuals
Strong communicators and leaders
Problem-solvers and planners
Professionals who enjoy responsibility and coordination
It suits those who prefer goal-oriented and result-driven roles.
Future of Project Management
The future of project management is shaped by:
Digital tools and automation
Artificial intelligence and analytics
Remote and global teams
Agile and adaptive methodologies
Project managers must continuously update skills to stay relevant.
Conclusion
Project Management is a vital discipline that enables organizations to transform ideas into tangible results. By systematically planning, executing, and controlling projects, it ensures efficient use of resources, timely delivery, and stakeholder satisfaction.
In an era of constant change and innovation, project management has become a strategic capability rather than a support function. For professionals seeking leadership roles, cross-functional exposure, and meaningful impact, Project Management offers a challenging, rewarding, and future-ready career path.


In today’s fast-changing and competitive world, organizations increasingly rely on projects to implement strategies, introduce innovations, develop infrastructure, and achieve specific goals. Whether it is launching a new product, implementing an IT system, constructing a building, or executing a social development program, Project Management plays a vital role in ensuring that objectives are achieved within defined constraints of time, cost, and quality.
Project Management is not merely about schedules and budgets; it is a structured approach to managing change, uncertainty, and complexity. It combines technical skills, leadership, communication, and strategic thinking to convert ideas into successful outcomes.


Understanding Project Management
Project Management is the application of knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques to project activities to meet project objectives. A project is a temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product, service, or result.

Unlike routine operations, projects have:
– A defined start and end
– Specific objectives
– Limited resources
– Unique outcomes
The primary goal of project management is to deliver value by meeting stakeholder expectations while balancing scope, time, cost, and quality.


Importance of Project Management


Project Management has become essential across industries due to:
– Increasing project complexity
– Resource constraints
– Global and cross-functional teams
– High stakeholder expectations

Effective project management helps organizations:
– Complete projects on time and within budget
– Minimize risks and uncertainties
– Improve coordination and communication
– Enhance quality and customer satisfaction
– Achieve strategic goals efficiently
Organizations with mature project management practices are more likely to succeed in competitive markets.


Key Elements of Project Management
Project Management is built around several core elements:


1. Project Objectives
Clearly defined objectives provide direction and purpose. Objectives should be SMART—Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, and Time-bound.


2. Constraints (Triple Constraint)
Every project operates under three primary constraints:
Scope – What needs to be done
Time – When it must be completed
Cost – Budget limitations
Quality lies at the center and is influenced by how well these constraints are balanced.


3. Stakeholders
Stakeholders include anyone who has an interest in the project, such as clients, sponsors, team members, suppliers, and end users. Managing stakeholder expectations is critical to project success.


Project Life Cycle
Projects typically follow a structured life cycle consisting of the following phases:


1. Initiation Phase
This phase involves defining the project at a high level.
Key activities include:
– Identifying business needs
– Conducting feasibility analysis
– Defining project objectives
– Appointing the project manager
The output of this phase is usually a project charter, which formally authorizes the project.


2. Planning Phase
The planning phase is the most critical stage of project management. It lays the foundation for successful execution.
Key planning activities include:
– Scope definition and Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)
– Schedule planning and timelines
– Cost estimation and budgeting
– Resource planning
– Risk identification and mitigation planning
– Communication and quality planning
A well-developed project plan serves as a roadmap for the entire project.


3. Execution Phase
In this phase, the project plan is put into action.
Major execution activities include:
– Coordinating people and resources
– Performing project tasks
– Managing teams and stakeholders
– Ensuring quality standards
Strong leadership, communication, and coordination are essential during execution.


4. Monitoring and Controlling Phase
This phase runs parallel to execution and ensures that the project remains on track.
Key activities include:
– Tracking project progress
– Monitoring costs and schedules
– Managing scope changes
– Addressing risks and issues
– Performance reporting
Monitoring and controlling help identify deviations early and take corrective actions.


5. Closing Phase
The closing phase formally completes the project.
Key activities include:
– Final deliverable acceptance
– Documentation and reporting
– Resource release
– Lessons learned
Project closure ensures that objectives are met and knowledge is captured for future projects.


Project Planning Tools and Techniques
Effective project management relies on various tools and techniques:
– Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)
– WBS breaks the project into manageable tasks, making planning and control easier.
– Gantt Charts
– Gantt charts visually represent project schedules, task durations, and dependencies.
PERT and CPM
These techniques help analyze task sequences, critical paths, and project timelines.


Risk Management Tools
Risk registers, probability-impact matrices, and contingency plans help manage uncertainty.


Risk Management in Project Management
Risk management involves identifying, analyzing, and responding to project risks.
Types of risks include:
– Technical risks
– Financial risks
– Operational risks
– External risks
Effective risk management improves project resilience and success rates.


Quality Management in Projects
Quality management ensures that project deliverables meet defined standards and stakeholder expectations.
Key components include:
– Quality planning
– Quality assurance
– Quality control
Quality should be built into the process rather than inspected at the end.


Human Resource and Team Management
Projects are executed by people, making team management a critical success factor.
Key aspects include:
– Team formation and role definition
– Motivation and leadership
– Conflict resolution
– Performance evaluation
A motivated and well-coordinated team significantly enhances project outcomes.


Communication Management
Communication is the backbone of project management.
Effective communication involves:
– Timely information sharing
– Clear reporting structures
– Stakeholder engagement
– Feedback mechanisms
Poor communication is one of the leading causes of project failure.


Project Management Methodologies
Different projects require different approaches.


Traditional (Waterfall) Method
Best suited for well-defined projects with stable requirements.
Agile Project Management
Focuses on flexibility, collaboration, and continuous improvement. Common in IT and software projects.
Hybrid Approaches
Combine traditional and agile elements to suit complex projects.


Role of the Project Manager
The Project Manager is responsible for planning, executing, and closing projects successfully.


Key responsibilities include:
– Defining project scope and objectives
– Managing time, cost, and quality
– Leading and motivating teams
– Managing risks and stakeholders
-;Reporting to senior management


A successful project manager combines technical knowledge, leadership skills, and emotional intelligence.


Applications of Project Management Across Industries
Project management is used in:
– Construction and infrastructure
– Information technology
– Manufacturing and operations
– Healthcare and pharmaceuticals
-Education and research

Its principles are universal, though tools and practices may vary by industry.


Challenges in Project Management
Common challenges include:
– Scope creep
– Resource constraints
– Unclear requirements
– Stakeholder conflicts
– Unforeseen risks
Addressing these challenges requires proactive planning, flexibility, and strong leadership.


Career Opportunities in Project Management
Project management offers attractive career paths such as:
– Project Manager
– Program Manager
– Project Coordinator
PMO (Project Management Office) roles
Certifications like PMP, PRINCE2, and Agile certifications enhance career prospects.


Who Should Choose Project Management ?
Project management is ideal for:
– Organized and detail-oriented individuals
– Strong communicators and leaders
– Problem-solvers and planners
– Professionals who enjoy responsibility and coordination
– It suits those who prefer goal-oriented and result-driven roles.


Future of Project Management
The future of project management is shaped by:
– Digital tools and automation
– Artificial intelligence and analytics
– Remote and global teams
– Agile and adaptive methodologies
– Project managers must continuously update skills to stay relevant.

Project Management is a vital discipline that enables organizations to transform ideas into tangible results. By systematically planning, executing, and controlling projects, it ensures efficient use of resources, timely delivery, and stakeholder satisfaction.


In an era of constant change and innovation, project management has become a strategic capability rather than a support function. For professionals seeking leadership roles, cross-functional exposure, and meaningful impact, Project Management offers a challenging, rewarding, and future-ready career path.

CHAPTER 7(i)

Who Should Choose Project Management as an MBA Stream ?


In today’s fast-paced, complex, and highly competitive business environment, organizations increasingly operate through projects rather than routine operations. Whether it is launching a new product, implementing an IT system, constructing infrastructure, executing a marketing campaign, or transforming business processes—projects are the vehicles of change and growth.


As organizations grow in scale and complexity, the success or failure of these initiatives depends largely on effective Project Management. This has led to a surge in demand for trained project managers who can plan, execute, monitor, control, and deliver projects within scope, time, cost, and quality constraints.


Choosing Project Management as an MBA stream is a strategic career decision that suits a specific category of individuals. It requires a unique blend of leadership, analytical thinking, coordination skills, emotional intelligence, and execution discipline. This article explores in depth who should choose Project Management as an MBA specialization and why, focusing on the calibre, mindset, and capabilities required to succeed in this demanding yet highly rewarding field.


Understanding Project Management


What Is Project Management?
Project Management is the application of knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques to project activities in order to meet project objectives. A project is a temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product, service, or result.
Key dimensions of project management include:
1. Scope management
2. Time management
3. Cost management
4. Quality management
5. Risk management
6. Resource management
7. Stakeholder management
8. Communication management
An MBA in Project Management prepares individuals to manage these dimensions strategically and holistically.


Why Project Management Has Become a Critical MBA Stream


Project Management has gained prominence due to:
1. Increasing project-based work culture
2. Digital transformation initiatives
3. Infrastructure and construction boom
4. Growth of IT, consulting, and services sectors
5. Global outsourcing and cross-border projects


Organizations now recognize that technical excellence alone cannot guarantee project success—professional project management is essential.


1. Individuals with Strong Planning and Organizational Skills


Planning-Oriented Calibre
Project Management is fundamentally about planning before execution. Individuals who naturally:
– Organize tasks systematically
– Create schedules and timelines
– Break complex goals into manageable steps
– Anticipate dependencies
are well-suited for this stream.
Project managers must prepare:
– Work Breakdown Structures (WBS)
– Project schedules
– Resource plans
– Milestone charts
Those who enjoy structured planning find Project Management intellectually satisfying and professionally empowering.


2. Individuals Who Excel at Coordination and Multitasking


Coordination Calibre
A project manager acts as a central coordinator among:
– Cross-functional teams
– Vendors and contractors
– Clients and stakeholders
– Senior management


Individuals who can:
– Handle multiple responsibilities simultaneously
– Balance competing priorities
– Coordinate people with different backgrounds, are naturally aligned with Project Management roles.


3. Individuals with Strong Leadership and Team Management Skills


Leadership Calibre
Unlike functional managers, project managers often lead temporary teams without formal authority. They must influence rather than command.
Suitable individuals:
– Inspire and motivate team members
– Resolve interpersonal conflicts
– Build collaboration across departments
– Lead by example
Project Management is ideal for those who enjoy leading teams toward a shared goal under challenging conditions.


4. Individuals Comfortable with Responsibility and Accountability


Ownership-Oriented Calibre
In Project Management, the project manager is ultimately accountable for project outcomes.
This stream suits individuals who:
– Take ownership of results
– Are comfortable with accountability
– Can handle pressure and deadlines
Accept responsibility for success and failure
Project managers must stand answerable for cost overruns, delays, and quality issues.


5. Individuals with Strong Problem-Solving and Decision-Making Skills


Problem-Solving Calibre
Projects rarely go exactly as planned. Delays, risks, conflicts, and uncertainties are inevitable.
Project Management suits individuals who:
– Think logically under pressure
– Make timely decisions with incomplete information
– Analyze alternatives and trade-offs
– Apply risk mitigation strategies
Those who enjoy solving real-world, complex problems thrive in this domain.


6. Individuals with High Emotional Intelligence


People-Centric Calibre
Project success depends not only on processes but also on people management.
Individuals suited for this stream:
– Understand human behavior
– Communicate empathetically
– Manage stress and emotions
– Handle diverse personalities
Project managers must deal with team conflicts, stakeholder expectations, and client emotions tactfully.


7. Individuals Who Can Balance Strategy and Execution


Dual-Thinking Calibre
Project Management lies at the intersection of:
Strategic objectives
Operational execution
Suitable individuals:
– Understand business strategy
– Translate strategy into actionable plans
– Align project goals with organizational vision
Those who can think both big-picture and detail-oriented are ideal candidates.


8. Individuals Comfortable with Time, Cost, and Quality Constraints


Constraint-Management Calibre
Project Management revolves around the Triple Constraint:
– Time
– Cost
– Scope/Quality
Individuals who:
– Respect deadlines
– Monitor budgets carefully
– Maintain quality standards, are well-suited for this stream.


9. Individuals Interested in Structured Frameworks and Methodologies


Methodology-Oriented Calibre
Project Management relies on structured methodologies such as:
– PMBOK
– PRINCE2
– Agile
– Scrum
Lean Project Management
Individuals who enjoy working with:
– Frameworks
– Tools
– Standardized processes, find this specialization professionally rewarding.


10. Individuals from Technical, Engineering, or Professional Backgrounds


Background Compatibility
Project Management is especially suitable for individuals with backgrounds in:
– Engineering
– IT and software development
– Construction
– Architecture
– Healthcare
– Consulting
An MBA in Project Management helps them transition from technical roles to managerial leadership.


11. Individuals Who Enjoy Dynamic and Non-Routine Work


Dynamic Work Calibre
Unlike routine managerial roles, projects are:
– Temporary
– Unique
– Challenging
This stream suits individuals who:
– Prefer change over repetition
– Enjoy new challenges
– Thrive in dynamic environments
Each project offers a new learning experience.


12. Individuals with Strong Communication Skills


Communication Calibre
Project managers must communicate with:
– Teams
– Clients
– Vendors
– Senior leadership
Individuals who:
– Communicate clearly and confidently
– Prepare reports and presentations
– Negotiate effectively, are naturally suited for Project Management.


13. Individuals Who Can Handle Stress and Uncertainty


Resilience Calibre
Projects often involve:
– Tight deadlines
– Budget constraints
– Uncertain outcomes
Project Management suits individuals who:
– Remain calm under pressure
– Adapt to change
– Recover quickly from setbacks
Resilience is a core competency in this field.


14. Individuals Seeking Global and Cross-Industry Careers


Career Mobility Calibre
Project Management skills are transferable across industries and geographies.
MBA graduates can work in:
– IT and software
– Infrastructure and construction
– Healthcare
– Consulting
– Manufacturing
– Energy and logistics
Those seeking global career opportunities benefit greatly from this specialization.


Who Should Avoid Project Management as an MBA Stream?
This stream may not suit individuals who:
– Prefer routine and predictable work
– Avoid responsibility and pressure
– Dislike coordination and people management
– Struggle with deadlines
– Lack patience and adaptability


Why Choose Project Management as an MBA Stream ?
– Key Advantages
– High industry demand
– Leadership-oriented career path
– Strategic and operational exposure
– Cross-functional learning
– Attractive compensation at senior levels


Career Roles After MBA in Project  Management
– Project Manager
– Program Manager
– PMO Manager
– Operations Manager
– Delivery Manager
– Consulting Project Lead

Project Management as an MBA stream is best suited for individuals with strong planning abilities, leadership skills, emotional intelligence, execution discipline, and resilience. It is a specialization for those who enjoy turning ideas into reality, managing complexity, and delivering results under constraints.


For individuals who see challenges as opportunities, deadlines as motivators, and teamwork as a strength, Project Management offers a powerful, respected, and future-oriented career path.
Ultimately, project managers are the professionals who bridge vision and execution, ensuring that organizational strategies are transformed into tangible success.

CHAPTER – 7(iii)

Goals of Project Manager

Every organization requires good leadership in order to carry out all their projects successfully. This requires the organization to appoint efficient project managers to carry out various tasks, and of course, to guide and lead the project management team and get them to a point, where they have effectively completed any given project at hand, taking into account a whole load of factors.

The Role of a Project Manager

The role of a project manager basically involves handling all aspects of the project .This includes not just the logistics but also the planning, brainstorming and seeing to the overall completion of the project while also preventing glitches and ensuring that the project management team works well together.

The Goals of a Project Manager

Following should be the the main goals for a project manager, but they are not limited to the listed ones because it very much depends on the situation:

(1) Deadlines

A project manager must always be able to carry out his role in a very effective manner .This means that in most cases he/she would have to run against time with the clock ticking away. All projects would have deadlines, so it is the duty of a project manager to complete the project by this given date.

It should be noted that although the project manager and his team may draw up a schedule at the outset that may seem perfect, as time goes on you will find that the requirements may change, and the projects may require new strategies to be implemented and more planning to be carried out.

Time therefore could be a big obstacle for a project manager achieving his/her goal. As the project manager you should never lose sight of the deadline, your role would be to keep pushing your team to finish the work and deliver on time.

(2) Client Satisfaction

Satisfaction of the client, however, does not mean that you rush to finish the work on time without ensuring that standards are met.

The reputation of your organization would depend on the quality of the delivery of your projects. This is another factor you should not lose sight of throughout the project.

(3) No Budget Overrun

No project can be started off without the preparation of the budget. Although this is just a forecast of the costs that would be incurred, it is essential that this budget is prepared after careful research and comparing prices to get the best.

You would need to consider ways of cutting costs while also ensuring that you meet the needs of the client as well as meeting the standards expected of your organization.

(4) Requirements Coverage

Another goal of a project manager involves meeting all requirements of the client. You would need to therefore have all specifications at hand and go through them every once in a while to ensure that you are on track.

(5) Team Management

While you would have to ensure that all aspects of the project are maintained, you are also responsible as project manager for the happiness of your team.

You need to keep in mind that it is the incentives and encouragement provided to them that will make them work harder and want to complete the work on time, thereby helping you reach your goals.

If the team members are unhappy with the way things are being carried out, productivity will also in turn decrease, pulling you further away from achieving your goals. It is essential therefore to always maintain a warm friendly relationship with them.

The communication within the team should be very effective. They should be willing to voice out their opinions while you listen to their suggestions and consider including them in the project.
This is after all a team effort. Your goals with regard to the project are also their goals.

Concluding, the role of a project manager is therefore no easy task. It involves taking up a lot of responsibility as each of the goals of the project must be met without making too many sacrifices.

If these goals are outlined to the project management team at the very beginning, there is no way for the delivery of the goals to be delayed in any way as everyone will always be aware of what they need to achieve and by when.

CHAPTER – 7(iv)

Project Time Management

Time is a terrible resource to waste. This is the most valuable resource in a project. Every delivery that you are supposed to make is time-bound. Therefore, without proper time management, a project can head towards a disaster.

When it comes to Project Time Management, it is not just the time of the project manager, but it is the time management of the project team. Scheduling is the easiest way of managing project time. In this approach, the activities of the project are estimated and the durations are determined based on the resource utilization for each activity.

In addition to the estimate and resource allocation, cost always plays a vital role in time management. This is due to the fact that schedule over-runs are quite expensive.

The Steps of the Time Management Process :

Following are the main steps in the project time management process. Each addresses a distinct area of time management in a project.

1. Defining Activities

When it comes to a project, there are a few levels for identifying activities. First of all, the high-level requirements are broken down into high-level tasks or deliverables.

Then, based on the task granularity, the high-level tasks/deliverables are broken down into activities and presented in the form of Work Breakdown Structure ( WBS).

2. Sequencing Activities

In order to manage the project time, it is critical to identify the activity sequence. The activities identified in the previous step should be sequenced based on the execution order. When sequencing, the activity interdependencies should be considered.

3. Resource Estimating for Activities

The estimation of amount and the types of resources required for activities is done in this step. Depending on the number of resources allocated for an activity, its duration varies. Therefore, the project management team should have a clear understanding about the resources allocation in order to accurately manage the project time.

4. Duration and Effort Estimation

This is one of the key steps in the project planning process. Since estimates are all about the time (duration), this step should be completed with a higher accuracy.

For this step, there are many estimation mechanisms in place, so your project should select an appropriate one. Most of the companies follow either WBS based estimating or Function Points based estimates in this step. Once the activity estimates are completed, critical path of the project should be identified in order to determine the total project duration. This is one of the key inputs for the project time management.

5. Development of the Schedule

In order to create an accurate schedule, a few parameters from the previous steps are required. Activity sequence, duration of each activity and the resource requirements/allocation for each activity are the most important factors.

In case if you perform this step manually, you may end up wasting a lot of valuable project planning time. There are many software packages, such as Microsoft Project, that will assist you to develop a reliable and accurate project schedule.

6. Schedule Control

No project in the practical world can be executed without changes to the original schedule. Therefore, it is essential for you to update your project schedule with ongoing changes.

Concluding, Time Management is a key responsibility of a project manager. The project manager should be equipped with a strong skill and sense for time management.

If you are keen on learning time management into greater depths, you can always get into a training course of one of the reputed and respected time management trainers.

CHAPTER – 7(v)

Project Budget Control

Almost all the projects need to be guided right throughout in order to receive the required and expected output at the end of the project. It is the team that is responsible for the project and most importantly the project manager that needs to be able to carry out effective controlling of the costs within budget. There are, however, several techniques that can be used for this purpose.

In addition to the project goals that the project manager has to oversee, the control of various costs is also a very important task for any project. Project management would not be effective at all if a project manager fails in this respect, as it would essentially determine whether or not your organization would make a profit or loss.

Budget Control Techniques

Following are some of the valuable and essential techniques used for efficient Project Budget Control:

1 – Planning the Project Budget :
You would need to ideally make a budget at the beginning of the planning session with regard to the project at hand. It is this budget that you would have to help you for all payments that need to be made and costs that you will incur during the project life cycle. The making of this budget therefore entails a lot of research and critical thinking.

Like any other budget, you would always have to leave room for adjustments as the costs may not remain the same right through the period of the project. Adhering to the project budget at all times is key to the profit from project.

2 – Keeping a Track of Costs :
Keeping track of all actual costs is also equally important as any other technique. Here, it is best to prepare a budget that is time-based. This will help you keep track of the budget of a project in each of its phases.

The actual costs will have to be tracked against the periodic targets that have been set out in the budget. These targets could be on a monthly or weekly basis or even yearly if the project will go on for long.

This is much easier to work with rather than having one complete budget for the entire period of the project. If any new work is required to be carried out, you would need to make estimations for this and see if it can be accommodated with the final amount in the budget. If not, you may have to work on necessary arrangements for ‘Change Requests’, where the client will pay for the new work or the changes.

3 – Effective Time Management :
Another effective technique would be effective time management. Although this technique does apply to various management areas, it is very important with regard to project cost control.

The reason for this is that the cost of your project could keep rising if you are unable to meet the project deadlines; the longer the project is dragged on for, the higher the costs incurred which effectively means that the budget will be exceeded.

The project manager would need to constantly remind his/her team of the important deadlines of the project in order to ensure that work is completed on time.

4 – Project Change Control :
Project change control is yet another vital technique. Change control systems are essential to take into account any potential changes that could occur during the course of the project.

This is due to the fact that each change to the scope of the project will have an impact on the deadlines of the deliverables, so the changes may increase project cost by increasing the effort needed for the project.

5 – Use of Earned Value :
Similarly, in order to identify the value of the work that has been carried out thus far, it is very helpful to use the accounting technique commonly known as ‘Earned Value’.

This is particularly helpful for large projects and will help you make any quick changes that are absolutely essential for the success of the project.

The Additional Steps for Project Budget Control :


It is advisable to constantly review the budget as well as the trends and other financial information. Providing reports on project financials at regular intervals will also help keep track of the progress of the project.

This will ensure that overspending does not take place, as you would not want to find out when it is too late. The earlier the problem is found, the more easily and quickly it could be remedied.
All documents should also be provided at regular intervals to auditors, who would also be able to point out to you any potential cost risks.

Concluding, simply coming up with a project budget is not adequate during your project planning sessions. You and your team would have to keep a watchful eye on whether the costs remain close to the figures in the initial budget.

You need to always keep in mind the risks that come with cost escalation and need to prevent this as best as you can. For this, use the above techniques explained and constantly monitor the project costs.